{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:07:39Z","timestamp":1791976059257,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Active targeting and overcoming multi-drug resistance (MDR) can be some of the important attributes of targeted therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. In this study, we constructed a hyaluronic acid (HA)-decorated mixed nanomicelles-encapsulating chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (PTX) and P-glycoprotein inhibitor ritonavir (RTV). HA was conjugated to poly (lactide) co-(glycolide) (PLGA) polymer by disulfide bonds (HA-ss-PLGA). HA is a natural ligand for CD44 receptors overexpressed in breast cancer cells. Disulfide bonds undergo rapid reduction in the presence of glutathione, present in breast cancer cells. The addition of RTV can inhibit the P-gp and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of PTX, thus aiding in reversing MDR and sensitizing the cells toward PTX. An in vitro uptake and cytotoxicity study in MBC MCF-7 and TNBC MDA-MB-231 cell lines demonstrated the effective uptake of the nanomicelles and drug PTX compared to non-neoplastic breast epithelium MCF-12A cells. Interestingly, in vitro potency determination showed a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species in breast cancer cell lines, indicating effective apoptosis of cancer cells. Thus, stimuli-sensitive nanomicelles along with HA targeting and RTV addition can effectively serve as a chemotherapeutic drug delivery agent for MBC and TNBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Hyaluronic Acid-Targeted Stimuli-Sensitive Nanomicelles Co-Encapsulating Paclitaxel and Ritonavir to Overcome Multi-Drug Resistance in Metastatic Breast Cancer and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vrinda","family":"Gote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amar Deep","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhananjay","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2014.883379","article-title":"Clinically relevant drug\u2013drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals","volume":"10","author":"Vadlapatla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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