{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:17:13Z","timestamp":1767914233994,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002954","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-ATE-0297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-ATE-0297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002954","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-ATE-0403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-ATE-0403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy arising in genetically predisposed subjects exposed to gluten, which activates both innate and adaptive immunity. Although the pathogenesis is common to all patients, the clinical spectrum is quite variable, and differences could be explained by gene expression variations. Among the factors able to affect gene expression, there are lncRNAs. We evaluated the expression profile of 87 lncRNAs in CD vs. healthy control (HC) intestinal biopsies by RT-qPCR array. Nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) and taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) were detected as downregulated in CD patients at diagnosis, but their expression increased in biopsies of patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD) exposed to gluten. The increase in NEAT1 expression after gluten exposure was mediated by IL-15 and STAT3 activation and binding to the NEAT1 promoter, as demonstrated by gel shift assay. NEAT1 is localized in the nucleus and can regulate gene expression by sequestering transcription factors, and it has been implicated in immune regulation and control of cell proliferation. The demonstration of its regulation by gluten thus also supports the role of lncRNAs in CD and prompts further research on these RNAs as gene expression regulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1611824625000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gliadin, through the Activation of Innate Immunity, Triggers lncRNA NEAT1 Expression in Celiac Disease Duodenal Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gnodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Elli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Ballarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Meneveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8977-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Barisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12191","article-title":"IL-15: A Central Regulator of Celiac Disease Immunopathology","volume":"260","author":"Abadie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. 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