{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T01:54:56Z","timestamp":1776650096960,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["2020R1A2C1010293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1010293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder in reproductive-age women. Due to its various pathophysiological properties and clinical heterophenotypes, the mechanism of PCOS pathogenesis is still unclear. Several animal models have been used to study PCOS and allow the exploration of the specific mechanism underlying PCOS. We focused on streptozotocin (STZ) to develop a non-steroidal and non-diabetic PCOS model. We administered multiple STZ injections to female C57BL\/6 mice (3\u20134 weeks old) at different concentrations: STZ-15 (15 mg\/kg), STZ-30 (30 mg\/kg), and STZ-60 (60 mg\/kg) treatments. During the experimental period, we analyzed body weight, blood glucose levels, and estrous cycle pattern. Furthermore, five weeks after STZ administration, we examined hormone levels and the morphology of ovarian tissues. Mice in the STZ-15 group did not show differences in body weights, blood glucose level, insulin level, and insulin tolerance compared to wild-type and control groups whereas those in the STZ-60 group presented a typical diabetes phenotype. In the case of the STZ-30 group, only increased blood glucose level was observed. Total testosterone levels were significantly elevated in STZ-15 and STZ-30 groups. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol levels were not significantly changed in the STZ-treated groups. The number of ovarian antral follicles and atretic follicles significantly increased in the ovary of mice in the STZ-15 and STZ-30 groups. All STZ-treated groups manifested irregular estrus cycles. However, the patterns of estrous cycles were different between mice treated with different STZ concentrations. We found that PI3K-AKT and IRS-1 signaling in the ovary was enhanced by low doses of STZ treatment. Taken together, our finding indicates that multiple injections of STZ at low doses induce PCOS features in mice without induction of diabetes features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1611824625000},"page":"1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Consecutive Low Doses of Streptozotocin Induce Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Features in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Youngjae","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jungwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16057","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.57","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Azziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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