{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:03:15Z","timestamp":1791950595899,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maxillofacial hard tissues have several differences compared to bones of other localizations of the human body. These could be due to the different embryological development of the jaw bones compared to the extracranial skeleton. In particular, the immigration of neuroectodermally differentiated cells of the cranial neural crest (CNC) plays an important role. These cells differ from the mesenchymal structures of the extracranial skeleton. In the ontogenesis of the jaw bones, the development via the intermediate stage of the pharyngeal arches is another special developmental feature. The aim of this review was to illustrate how the development of maxillofacial hard tissues occurs via the cranial neural crest and pharyngeal arches, and what significance this could have for relevant pathologies in maxillofacial surgery, dentistry and orthodontic therapy. The pathogenesis of various growth anomalies and certain syndromes will also be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T11:54:53Z","timestamp":1611834893000},"page":"1315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Special Developmental Biology of Craniofacial Tissues Enables the Understanding of Oral and Maxillofacial Physiology and Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Wehrhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Private Office for Maxillofacial Surgery, 91781 Wei\u00dfenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Deschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Office for Oral Surgery, 96049 Bamberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5778-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutta","family":"Ries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"M\u00f6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Bozec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"G\u00f6lz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Kesting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rohen, J.W., and L\u00fctjen-Drecoll, E. 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