{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:46:24Z","timestamp":1784259984707,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coeliac disease (CD) and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are immune-mediated diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that dysbiosis in the gut microbiome plays a role in the pathogenesis of both diseases and may also be associated with the development of neuropathy. The primary goal in this cross-sectional pilot study was to identify whether there are distinct gut microbiota alterations in children with CD (n = 19), T1DM (n = 18) and both CD and T1DM (n = 9) compared to healthy controls (n = 12). Our second goal was to explore the relationship between neuropathy (corneal nerve fiber damage) and the gut microbiome composition. Microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Corneal confocal microscopy was used to determine nerve fiber damage. There was a significant difference in the overall microbial diversity between the four groups with healthy controls having a greater microbial diversity as compared to the patients. The abundance of pathogenic proteobacteria Shigella and E. coli were significantly higher in CD patients. Differential abundance analysis showed that several bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) distinguished CD from T1DM. The tissue transglutaminase antibody correlated significantly with a decrease in gut microbial diversity. Furthermore, the Bacteroidetes phylum, specifically the genus Parabacteroides was significantly correlated with corneal nerve fiber loss in the subjects with neuropathic damage belonging to the diseased groups. We conclude that disease-specific gut microbial features traceable down to the ASV level distinguish children with CD from T1DM and specific gut microbial signatures may be associated with small fiber neuropathy. Further research on the mechanisms linking altered microbial diversity with neuropathy are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"1511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Distinctive Microbial Signatures and Gut-Brain Crosstalk in Pediatric Patients with Coeliac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parul","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"},{"name":"College of Health &amp; Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 24404, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bara","family":"Al-Jarrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6473-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saras","family":"Saraswathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoun","family":"Elawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9900-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Hendaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesam","family":"Al-Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4858-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souhaila","family":"Al Khodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony K.","family":"Akobeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar"},{"name":"Department Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4763-3","article-title":"Trends and cyclical variation in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in 26 European centres in the 25 year period 1989\u20132013, a multicentre prospective registration study","volume":"62","author":"Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3331","article-title":"Celiac Disease in Children and Adolescents","volume":"168","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Coeliac disease in a diabetic child","volume":"1","author":"Grigor","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000488670","article-title":"Interplay between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Celiac Disease: Implications in Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. 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