{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:33:10Z","timestamp":1780673590966,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/D\/NZ5\/03443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/D\/NZ5\/03443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/N\/NZ2\/01916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/N\/NZ2\/01916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the main challenges in further advancing therapeutic strategies for Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is the development of biomarkers which must be applied to assess the efficiency of the treatment. HD is a dreadful neurodegenerative disorder which has its source of pathogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) but is reflected by symptoms in the periphery. Visible symptoms include motor deficits and slight changes in peripheral tissues, which can be used as hallmarks for prognosis of the course of HD, e.g., the onset of the disease symptoms. Knowing how the pathology develops in the context of whole organisms is crucial for the development of therapy which would be the most beneficial for patients, as well as for proposing appropriate biomarkers to monitor disease progression and\/or efficiency of treatment. We focus here on molecular peripheral biomarkers which could be used as a measurable outcome of potential therapy. We present and discuss a list of wet biomarkers which have been proposed in recent years to measure pre- and postsymptomatic HD. Interestingly, investigation of peripheral biomarkers in HD can unravel new aspects of the disease pathogenesis. This especially refers to inflammatory proteins or specific immune cells which attract scientific attention in neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1612440130000},"page":"1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["What, When and How to Measure\u2014Peripheral Biomarkers in Therapy of Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Przybyl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mammalian Model Organisms, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wozna-Wysocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Kozlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Fiszer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63233-3.00017-8","article-title":"Huntington disease","volume":"Volume 147","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63233-3.00009-9","article-title":"Repeat expansion diseases","volume":"Volume 147","author":"Paulson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63233-3.00011-7","article-title":"The CAG\u2013polyglutamine repeat diseases: A clinical, molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic nosology","volume":"Volume 147","author":"Stoyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2854-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of Protein Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"75","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. 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