{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T12:53:08Z","timestamp":1793969588094,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and stature as well as resistance against fracture in advanced age. Estrogens are key regulators of bone turnover in both females and males. These hormones play a major role in longitudinal and width growth throughout puberty as well as in the regulation of bone turnover. In women, estrogen deficiency is one of the major causes of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In this review, we will summarize the main clinical and experimental studies reporting the effects of estrogens not only in females but also in males, during different life stages. Effects of estrogens on bone involve either Estrogen Receptor (ER)\u03b1 or ER\u03b2 depending on the type of bone (femur, vertebrae, tibia, mandible), the compartment (trabecular or cortical), cell types involved (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes) and sex. Finally, we will discuss new ongoing strategies to increase the benefit\/risk ratio of the hormonal treatment of menopause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1612440130000},"page":"1568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["Critical Role of Estrogens on Bone Homeostasis in Both Male and Female: From Physiology to Medical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Noirrit-Esclassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-C\u00e9cile","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Tremollieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Menopause and Metabolic Bone Disease Center, H\u00f4pital Paule de Viguier, University Hospital of Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Arnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Lenfant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Vinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.002","article-title":"Towards optimization of estrogen receptor modulation in medicine","volume":"189","author":"Fontaine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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