{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:22:11Z","timestamp":1768443731605,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI142649, R03AG059554, R03AA026516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI142649, R03AG059554, R03AA026516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While this respiratory virus only causes mild symptoms in younger healthy individuals, elderly people and those with cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension are susceptible to developing severe conditions that can be fatal. SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, and thromboembolism. Understanding the mechanisms of the effects of this virus on the cardiovascular system should thus help develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since this virus causes severe and fatal conditions in older individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities, effective therapies targeting specific populations will likely contribute to ending this pandemic. In this review article, the effects of various viruses\u2014including other coronaviruses, influenza, dengue, and human immunodeficiency virus\u2014on the cardiovascular system are described to help provide molecular mechanisms of pathologies associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. The goal is to provide mechanistic information from the biology of other viral infections in relation to cardiovascular pathologies for the purpose of developing improved vaccines and therapeutic agents effective in preventing and\/or treating the acute and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"1659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Seeherman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichiro J.","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200994","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. 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