{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T06:47:33Z","timestamp":1783234053045,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0008\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RED2018-102499-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2018-102499-T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-0988885-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-0988885-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU17\/01023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/01023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["b2017\/BMD-3813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["b2017\/BMD-3813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CT42\/18-CT43\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT42\/18-CT43\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affects the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral cortex. In this pathology, both neurons and glial cells are affected. However, few studies have analyzed retinal microglia in ALS models. In this study, we quantified the signs of microglial activation and the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in an SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model at 120 days (advanced stage of the disease) in retinal whole-mounts. For SOD1G93A animals (compared to the wild-type), we found, in microglial cells, (i) a significant increase in the area occupied by each microglial cell in the total area of the retina; (ii) a significant increase in the arbor area in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) inferior sector; (iii) the presence of cells with retracted processes; (iv) areas of cell groupings in some sectors; (v) no significant increase in the number of microglial cells; (vi) the expression of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-1\u03b2; and (vii) the non-expression of IL-10 and arginase-I. For the RGCs, we found a decrease in their number. In conclusion, in the SOD1G93A model (at 120 days), retinal microglial activation occurred, taking a pro-inflammatory phenotype M1, which affected the OPL and inner retinal layers and could be related to RGC loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss and Microglial Activation in a SOD1G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmol\u00f3gicas Ram\u00f3n Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Oft\u00e1lmico de 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6260-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"de Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neuroqu\u00edmica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Urcelay-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Oft\u00e1lmico de Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Oftalmolog\u00eda y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad 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Spain"},{"name":"OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Oftalmolog\u00eda y ORL, Facultad de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5480-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmol\u00f3gicas Ram\u00f3n Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Oftalmolog\u00eda y ORL, Facultad de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.09.009","article-title":"Alteration of protein folding and degradation in motor neuron diseases: Implications and protective functions of small heat shock proteins","volume":"97","author":"Carra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. 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