{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:02:08Z","timestamp":1792202528948,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108TMU-SHH-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108TMU-SHH-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular disease that presents with vascular stenosis and a hazy network of collateral formations in angiography. However, the detailed pathogenic pathway remains unknown. Studies have indicated that in addition to variations in the of genetic factor RNF213, unusual circulating angiogenetic factors observed in patients with MMD may play a critical role in producing \u201cMoyamoya vessels\u201d. Circulating angiogenetic factors, such as growth factors, vascular progenitor cells, cytokines, inflammatory factors, and other circulating proteins, could promote intimal hyperplasia in vessels and excessive collateral formation with defect structures through endothelial hyperplasia, smooth muscle migration, and atypical neovascularization. This study summarizes the hypothesized pathophysiology of how these circulating factors affect MMD and the interactive modulation between them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:43:16Z","timestamp":1612914196000},"page":"1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Pathological Circulating Factors in Moyamoya Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yao-Ching","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Fei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaur-Jong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Kwang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480090076012","article-title":"Cerebrovascular \u201cmoyamoya\u201d disease. 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