{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:27:00Z","timestamp":1790098020193,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-cell clonality testing is integral to the diagnostic work-up of T-cell malignancies; however, current methods lack specificity and sensitivity, which can make the diagnostic process difficult. The recent discovery of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for human TRBC1 will greatly improve the outlook for T-cell malignancy diagnostics. The anti-TRBC1 mAb can be used in flow cytometry immunophenotyping assays to provide a low-cost, robust, and highly specific test that detects clonality of immunophenotypically distinct T-cell populations. Recent studies demonstrate the clinical utility of this approach in several contexts; use of this antibody in appropriately designed flow cytometry panels improves detection of circulating disease in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, eliminates the need for molecular clonality testing in the context of large granular lymphocyte leukemia, and provides more conclusive results in the context of many other T-cell disorders. It is worth noting that the increased ability to detect discrete clonal T-cell populations means that identification of T-cell clones of uncertain clinical significance (T-CUS) will become more common. This review discusses this new antibody and describes how it defines clonal T-cells. We present and discuss assay design and summarize findings to date about the use of flow cytometry TRBC1 analysis in the field of diagnostics, including lymph node and fluid sample investigations. We also make suggestions about how to apply the assay results in clinical work-ups, including how to interpret and report findings of T-CUS. Finally, we highlight areas that we think will benefit from further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1613155500000},"page":"1817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Emerging Role of T-cell Receptor Constant \u03b2 Chain-1 (TRBC1) Expression in the Flow Cytometric Diagnosis of T-cell Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Horna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-4485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horatiu","family":"Olteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SI-HMDS, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80195-6","article-title":"MHC restriction in three dimensions: A view of T cell receptor\/ligand interactions","volume":"89","author":"Bjorkman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/302575a0","article-title":"Somatic generation of antibody diversity","volume":"302","author":"Tonegawa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404481","article-title":"Powerful strategy for polymerase chain reaction-based clonality assessment in T-cell malignancies Report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BHM4 CT98-3936","volume":"21","author":"Bruggemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.246","article-title":"EuroClonality\/BIOMED-2 guidelines for interpretation and reporting of Ig\/TCR clonality testing in suspected lymphoproliferations","volume":"26","author":"Langerak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2018.05.008","article-title":"Molecular assessment of clonality in lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP5TYGBVW4ZITR","article-title":"A comparison of deep sequencing of TCRG rearrangements vs traditional capillary electrophoresis for assessment of clonality in T-Cell lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"141","author":"Schumacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1309\/25E9Y7RRAY84HTAT","article-title":"A comparison of morphologic features, flow cytometry, TCR-Vbeta analysis, and TCR-PCR in qualitative and quantitative assessment of peripheral blood involvement by Sezary syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Morice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1309\/3A32DTVMH640M2QA","article-title":"Flow cytometric assessment of TCR-Vbeta expression in the evaluation of peripheral blood involvement by T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: A comparison with conventional T-cell immunophenotyping and molecular genetic techniques","volume":"121","author":"Morice","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04201.x","article-title":"Demonstration of aberrant T-cell and natural killer-cell antigen expression in all cases of granular lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"120","author":"Morice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-553X.2008.01109.x","article-title":"Laboratory findings in CD4(+) large granular lymphocytoses","volume":"32","author":"Olteanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw015","article-title":"Clinical Experience With Modified, Single-Tube T-Cell Receptor Vbeta Flow Cytometry Analysis for T-Cell Clonality","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4444","article-title":"Targeting the T cell receptor beta-chain constant region for immunotherapy of T cell malignancies","volume":"23","author":"Maciocia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.1992.11.701","article-title":"Generation of monoclonal antibodies against a human T cell receptor beta chain expressed in transgenic mice","volume":"11","author":"Viney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hybridoma"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.017","article-title":"Adaptive immunity","volume":"125","author":"Bonilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/334395a0","article-title":"T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition","volume":"334","author":"Davis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.03.009","article-title":"Mechanics of T cell receptor gene rearrangement","volume":"21","author":"Krangel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403202","article-title":"Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: Report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936","volume":"17","author":"Langerak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2353\/jmoldx.2010.090183","article-title":"Assay design affects the interpretation of T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements: Comparison of the performance of a one-tube assay with the BIOMED-2-based TCRG gene clonality assay","volume":"12","author":"Connealy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2017-204761","article-title":"T cell clonality assessment: Past, present and future","volume":"71","author":"Mahe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M.J. (2001). The Complement System and Innate Immunity. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Garland Science. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150911","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0911","article-title":"On the organization of human T-cell receptor loci: Log-periodic distribution of T-cell receptor gene segments","volume":"13","author":"Toor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.01.006","article-title":"Deconstructing the form and function of the TCR\/CD3 complex","volume":"24","author":"Kuhns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35361","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706923200","article-title":"Lateral compartmentalization of T cell receptor versus CD45 by galectin-N-glycan binding and microfilaments coordinate basal and activation signaling","volume":"282","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00799-7","article-title":"Recruitment of Nck by CD3 epsilon reveals a ligand-induced conformational change essential for T cell receptor signaling and synapse formation","volume":"109","author":"Gil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80380-5","article-title":"Exit of the pre-TCR from the ER\/cis-Golgi is necessary for signaling differentiation, proliferation, and allelic exclusion in immature thymocytes","volume":"7","author":"Thornell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risueno, R.M., Schamel, W.W., and Alarcon, B. (2008). T cell receptor engagement triggers its CD3epsilon and CD3zeta subunits to adopt a compact, locked conformation. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001747"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33740","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.47.33740","article-title":"Receptor engagement transiently diverts the T cell receptor heterodimer from a constitutive degradation pathway","volume":"274","author":"Alarcon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8624","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.24.8624","article-title":"Organization and sequences of the diversity, joining, and constant region genes of the human T-cell receptor beta chain","volume":"82","author":"Toyonaga","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e31828d17ec","article-title":"Indolent T-lymphoblastic proliferation (iT-LBP): A review of clinical and pathologic features and distinction from malignant T-lymphoblastic lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Ohgami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1309\/K2FY1TED8GEGFLNG","article-title":"Flow cytometry in the differential diagnosis of lymphocyte-rich thymoma from precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia\/lymphoblastic lymphoma","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0568-2","article-title":"T-cell clones of uncertain significance are highly prevalent and show close resemblance to T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Implications for laboratory diagnostics","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqy173","article-title":"Utility of a Simple and Robust Flow Cytometry Assay for Rapid Clonality Testing in Mature Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"151","author":"Novikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21782","article-title":"Single Antibody Detection of T-Cell Receptor alphabeta Clonality by Flow Cytometry Rapidly Identifies Mature T-Cell Neoplasms and Monotypic Small CD8-Positive Subsets of Uncertain Significance","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.120","article-title":"EuroFlow antibody panels for standardized n-dimensional flow cytometric immunophenotyping of normal, reactive and malignant leukocytes","volume":"26","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.01.007","article-title":"Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life","volume":"48","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01336","article-title":"Clonality of CD4(+) Blood T Cells Predicts Longer Survival With CTLA4 or PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibition in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Arakawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.05.002","article-title":"CD8+ T cell differentiation in the aging immune system: Until the last clone standing","volume":"23","author":"Buchholz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.05.005","article-title":"The narrowing of the CD8 T cell repertoire in old age","volume":"23","author":"Blackman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.4.1984","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seropositivity drives the CD8 T cell repertoire toward greater clonality in healthy elderly individuals","volume":"169","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01194.x","article-title":"The developing human immune system: T-cell receptor repertoire of children and young adults shows a wide discrepancy in the frequency of persistent oligoclonal T-cell expansions","volume":"102","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.10.5729","article-title":"Clonal expansions in acute EBV infection are detectable in the CD8 and not the CD4 subset and persist with a variable CD45 phenotype","volume":"165","author":"Maini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0580","article-title":"Differences in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell clones during immune responses","volume":"355","author":"Beverley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.9.1281","article-title":"Age-related modifications of the human alphabeta T cell repertoire due to different clonal expansions in the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets","volume":"10","author":"Wack","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horna, P., Olteanu, H., Jevremovic, D., Otteson, G.E., Corley, H., Ding, W., Parikh, S.A., Shah, M.V., Morice, W.G., and Shi, M. (2021). Single-Antibody Evaluation of T-Cell Receptor beta Constant Chain Monotypia by Flow Cytometry Facilitates the Diagnosis of T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., in press.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa214"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-022277","article-title":"Monoclonal TCR-Vbeta13.1+\/CD4+\/NKa+\/CD8-\/+dim T-LGL lymphocytosis: Evidence for an antigen-driven chronic T-cell stimulation origin","volume":"109","author":"Garrido","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-146241","article-title":"Expanded cells in monoclonal TCR-alphabeta+\/CD4+\/NKa+\/CD8-\/+dim T-LGL lymphocytosis recognize hCMV antigens","volume":"112","author":"Barcena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horna, P., Shi, M., Jevremovic, D., Craig, F.E., Comfere, N.I., and Olteanu, H. (2020). Utility of TRBC1 Expression in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Blood Involvement by Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J. Invest. Dermatol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.09.011"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-692590","article-title":"LGL leukemia: From pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"129","author":"Lamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2017.1339880","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment outcomes in large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL)","volume":"59","author":"Sanikommu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Lee Harris, N., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., Jurgen, T., Arber, D.A., Hasserjian, R.P., and Le Beau, M.M. (2017). T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia. WHO Classification of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, IARC."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.1.256","article-title":"The lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes: Updated criteria for diagnosis","volume":"89","author":"Semenzato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.268","article-title":"Distinct bone marrow findings in T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia revealed by paraffin section immunoperoxidase stains for CD8, TIA-1, and granzyme B","volume":"99","author":"Morice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404112","article-title":"TCRgammadelta+ large granular lymphocyte leukemias reflect the spectrum of normal antigen-selected TCRgammadelta+ T-cells","volume":"20","author":"Sandberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.06.023","article-title":"Mixed-phenotype large granular lymphocytic leukemia: A rare subtype in the large granular lymphocytic leukemia spectrum","volume":"81","author":"Neff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114885","article-title":"Somatic STAT3 mutations in large granular lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"366","author":"Koskela","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-435297","article-title":"STAT3 mutations unify the pathogenesis of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders of NK cells and T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia","volume":"120","author":"Jerez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.175729","article-title":"Somatic STAT3 mutations in Felty syndrome: An implication for a common pathogenesis with large granular lymphocyte leukemia","volume":"103","author":"Savola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-494930","article-title":"STAT3 mutations indicate the presence of subclinical T-cell clones in a subset of aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome patients","volume":"122","author":"Jerez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018022723","article-title":"Frequent STAT3 mutations in CD8(+) T cells from patients with pure red cell aplasia","volume":"2","author":"Kawakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7025","article-title":"Activating mutations of STAT5B and STAT3 in lymphomas derived from gammadelta-T or NK cells","volume":"6","author":"Kucuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-531509","article-title":"A targeted mutational landscape of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Odejide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., and Thiele, J. (2017). Sezary Syndrome. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, IARC."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., and Thiele, J. (2017). Mycosis Fungoides. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, IARC."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.01.076","article-title":"Blood classification and blood response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome using flow cytometry: Recommendations from the EORTC cutaneous lymphoma task force","volume":"93","author":"Scarisbrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-055749","article-title":"Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: A proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)","volume":"110","author":"Olsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.7665","article-title":"Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides\/Sezary syndrome: Validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas\/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal","volume":"28","author":"Agar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.04.018","article-title":"A cutaneous lymphoma international prognostic index (CLIPi) for mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Benton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1309\/05GFG3LY3VYCDMEY","article-title":"The usefulness of CD26 in flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood in Sezary syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Kelemen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP7QHH5XASTJPL","article-title":"Immunophenotypic stability of Sezary cells by flow cytometry: Usefulness of flow cytometry in assessing response to and guiding alemtuzumab therapy","volume":"137","author":"Vaughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2013-201748","article-title":"Quantitative flow cytometric identification of aberrant T cell clusters in erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Implications for staging and prognosis","volume":"67","author":"Horna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27099","article-title":"The clinical importance of CD4(+) CD7(-) in human diseases","volume":"234","author":"Haftcheshmeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulitzer, M.P., Horna, P., and Almeida, J. (2020). Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides: An overview, including the role of immunophenotyping. Cytom. B Clin. Cytom., in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21888"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horna, P., Wang, S.A., Wolniak, K.L., Psarra, K., Almeida, J., Illingworth, A.J., Johansson, U., Craig, F.E., and Torres, R. (2020). Flow cytometric evaluation of peripheral blood for suspected Sezary syndrome or mycosis fungoides: International guidelines for assay characteristics. Cytom. B Clin. Cytom., in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21878"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig, F.E. (2020). It is time to adopt a multicolor immunophenotyping approach to evaluate blood for Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. Cytom. B Clin. Cytom., in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21872"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2009.175","article-title":"Flow cytometric detection of peripheral blood involvement by mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome using T-cell receptor Vbeta chain antibodies and its application in blood staging","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyapichev, K.A., Bah, I., Huen, A., Duvic, M., Routbort, M.J., Wang, W., Jorgensen, J.L., Medeiros, L.J., Vega, F., and Craig, F.E. (2020). Determination of immunophenotypic aberrancies provides better assessment of peripheral blood involvement by mycosis fungoides\/Sezary syndrome than quantification of CD26- or CD7- CD4+ T-cells. Cytom. B Clin. Cytom, in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21933"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1309\/QF6N-VAQW-N74H-4JE2","article-title":"Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral T-cell neoplasms. A multiparameter flow cytometric approach","volume":"116","author":"Jamal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Orazi, A., Foucar, K., and Knowles, D.M. (2013). Flow Cytometry in the Assessment of Hematologic Disroders. Neoplastic HematoPathol.ogy, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20107","article-title":"Flow cytometric features of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21768","article-title":"Flow Cytometry Applications in the Diagnosis of T\/NK-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"96","author":"Jevremovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, H., Otteson, G.E., Corley, H., Shi, M., Horna, P., Jevremovic, D., and Olteanu, H. (2020). Flow Cytometric Evaluation of TRBC1 Expression in Tissue Specimens and Body Fluids is a Novel, Sensitive and Specific Method for Assessment of T-Cell Clonality and Diagnosis of T-Cell Neoplasms. Cytom. B Clin. Cytom., in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21881"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2020-2183","article-title":"Abstract 2183: Targeting TRBC1 and 2 for the treatment of T cell lymphomas","volume":"80","author":"Ferrari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/4\/1817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:23:11Z","timestamp":1760160191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/4\/1817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22041817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22041817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]}}}