{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:36:26Z","timestamp":1792607786197,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR PJT-166003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR PJT-166003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has expanded into various industries including food manufacturing, agriculture, cosmetics, and construction. This has allowed NPs access to the human gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about how they may impact human health. As the gut microbiome continues to be increasingly implicated in various diseases of unknown etiology, researchers have begun studying the potentially toxic effects of these NPs on the gut microbiome. Unfortunately, conflicting results have limited researcher\u2019s ability to evaluate the true impact of NPs on the gut microbiome in relation to health. This review focuses on the impact of five inorganic NPs (silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide) on the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal tract with consideration for various methodological differences within the literature. This is important as NP-induced changes to the gut could lead to various gut-related diseases. These include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and colorectal cancer. Research in this area is necessary as the use of NPs in various industries continues to grow along with the number of people suffering from chronic gastrointestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T08:09:09Z","timestamp":1613462949000},"page":"1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Nanoparticles in the Food Industry and Their Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merry","family":"Ghebretatios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Schaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000601","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000601","article-title":"TiO2 Nanoparticles and Commensal Bacteria Alter Mucus Layer Thickness and Composition in a Gastrointestinal Tract Model","volume":"16","author":"Limage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.6.181","article-title":"Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory","volume":"6","author":"Vance","year":"2015","journal-title":"Beilstein J. 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