{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:40Z","timestamp":1772252860699,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["512476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP100200680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP100200680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Susceptibility to photoimmune suppression and photocarcinogenesis is greater in male than in female humans and mice and is exacerbated in female estrogen receptor-beta knockout (ER-\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212) mice. We previously reported that the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), applied topically protects against the ultraviolet radiation (UV) induction of cutaneous cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in female mice. Here, we compare these responses in female versus male Skh:hr1 mice, in ER-\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212\/\u2212\u2212 versus wild-type C57BL\/6 mice, and in female ER-blockaded Skh:hr1 mice. The induction of CPDs was significantly greater in male than female Skh:hr1 mice and was more effectively reduced by 1,25(OH)2D in female Skh:hr1 and C57BL\/6 mice than in male Skh:hr1 or ER-\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mice, respectively. This correlated with the reduced sunburn inflammation due to 1,25(OH)2D in female but not male Skh:hr1 mice. Furthermore, although 1,25(OH)2D alone dose-dependently suppressed basal CHS responses in male Skh:hr1 and ER-\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mice, UV-induced immunosuppression was universally observed. In female Skh:hr1 and C57BL\/6 mice, the immunosuppression was decreased by 1,25(OH)2D dose-dependently, but not in male Skh:hr1, ER-\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212, or ER-blockaded mice. These results reveal a sex bias in genetic, inflammatory, and immune photoprotection by 1,25(OH)2D favoring female mice that is dependent on the presence of ER-\u03b2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T22:13:38Z","timestamp":1613513618000},"page":"1962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sex Differences in Photoprotective Responses to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Mice Are Modulated by the Estrogen Receptor-\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wannit","family":"Tongkao-on","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca Y.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warusavithana G. Manori","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Rybchyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Gordon-Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivienne E.","family":"Reeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00126","article-title":"Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions","volume":"40","author":"Bouillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. 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