{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T07:06:42Z","timestamp":1788678402108,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases have risen globally in recent years, and early detection of the host\u2019s gut microbiota, typically through fecal material, has become a crucial component for rapid diagnosis of such diseases. Human fecal material is a complex substance composed of undigested macromolecules and particles, and the processing of such matter is a challenge due to the unstable nature of its products and the complexity of the matrix. The identification of these products can be used as an indication for present and future diseases; however, many researchers focus on one variable or marker looking for specific biomarkers of disease. Therefore, the combination of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabonomics can give a detailed and complete insight into the gut environment. The proper sample collection, sample preparation and accurate analytical methods play a crucial role in generating precise microbial data and hypotheses in gut microbiome research, as well as multivariate data analysis in determining the gut microbiome functionality in regard to diseases. This review summarizes fecal sample protocols involved in profiling coeliac disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T04:49:01Z","timestamp":1613537341000},"page":"1965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Multiomics Analyses of Fecal Matrix and Its Significance to Coeliac Disease Gut Profiling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7803-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheeana","family":"Gangadoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6969-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piumie","family":"Rajapaksha Pathirannahalage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Cheeseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Thi Hoang","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Elbourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6247-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Latham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6016-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vi Khanh","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x","article-title":"Defining the Human Microbiome","volume":"70","author":"Ursell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. 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