{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:44:47Z","timestamp":1792647887907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":281,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the causality of the post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) disease process of the knee joint is important for diagnosing early disease and developing new and effective preventions or treatments. The aim of this review was to provide detailed clinical data on inflammatory and other biomarkers obtained from patients after acute knee trauma in order to (i) present a timeline of events that occur in the acute, subacute, and chronic post-traumatic phases and in PTOA, and (ii) to identify key factors present in the synovial fluid, serum\/plasma and urine, leading to PTOA of the knee in 23\u201350% of individuals who had acute knee trauma. In this context, we additionally discuss methods of simulating knee trauma and inflammation in in vivo, ex vivo articular cartilage explant and in vitro chondrocyte models, and answer whether these models are representative of the clinical inflammatory stages following knee trauma. Moreover, we compare the pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations used in such models and demonstrate that, compared to concentrations in the synovial fluid after knee trauma, they are exceedingly high. We then used the Bradford Hill Framework to present evidence that TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 cytokines are causal factors, while IL-1\u03b2 and IL-17 are credible factors in inducing knee PTOA disease progresssion. Lastly, we discuss beneficial infrastructure for future studies to dissect the role of local vs. systemic inflammation in PTOA progression with an emphasis on early disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"1996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Human Knee Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA): Timeline of Clinical Presentation and Disease Markers, Comparison of Knee Joint PTOA Models and Early Disease Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Khella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4416-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rojiar","family":"Asgarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3275-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Rolauffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000246468.80635.ef","article-title":"Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: A first estimate of incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-01-20","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of posttraumatic osteoarthritis after intra-articular fracture","volume":"22","author":"Schenker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507307396","article-title":"The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: Osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Lohmander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00007","article-title":"Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis","volume":"133","author":"Gelber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199927030-00001","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the long-term incidence of gonarthrosis","volume":"27","author":"Gillquist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199804)41:4<687::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy: Prevalence of radiographic changes after twenty-one years, compared with matched controls","volume":"41","author":"Roos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B7.16017","article-title":"Acetabular fractures: A 16-year prospective epidemiological study","volume":"87","author":"Laird","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200209000-00006","article-title":"High-energy fractures of the tibial plateau. Knee function after longer follow-up","volume":"84","author":"Weigel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1343::AID-ART3>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"An update on the epidemiology of knee and hip osteoarthritis with a view to prevention","volume":"41","author":"Felson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2011.07.015","article-title":"History of knee injuries and knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"19","author":"Muthuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-01-29","article-title":"The role of cytokines in posttraumatic arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Olson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561459","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/561459","article-title":"The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"2014","author":"Wojdasiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boehme, K.A., and Rolauffs, B. (2018). Onset and progression of human osteoarthritis-can growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, or differential mirna expression concomitantly induce proliferation, ecm degradation, and inflammation in articular cartilage?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082282"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603513487457","article-title":"Key pathways to prevent posttraumatic arthritis for future molecule-based therapy","volume":"4","author":"Chubinskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000279","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000279","article-title":"Post-traumatic arthritis: Overview on pathogenic mechanisms and role of inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Punzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.08.015","article-title":"Inflammation in joint injury and post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.136","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X12467868","article-title":"Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Latest findings and interpretations","volume":"5","author":"Sokolove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-015-0037-4","article-title":"Applying the bradford hill criteria in the 21st century: How data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology","volume":"12","author":"Fedak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Themes Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Baer, A.N., Patel, V., and McCormack, R. (2020, November 14). The approach to the painful joint. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/336054-overview."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00200","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine response following acute tibial plateau fracture","volume":"97","author":"Haller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4441-4","article-title":"Intraarticular matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecan degradation are elevated after articular fracture","volume":"473","author":"Haller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.07.021","article-title":"Cartilage and bone markers and inflammatory cytokines are increased in synovial fluid in the acute phase of knee injury (hemarthrosis)\u2014A cross-sectional analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22208","article-title":"Acute and late changes in intraarticular cytokine levels following anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"31","author":"Bigoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0160(02)00083-2","article-title":"Intraarticular inflammatory cytokines in acute anterior cruciate ligament injured knee","volume":"10","author":"Irie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23495","article-title":"Decreased lubricin concentrations and markers of joint inflammation in the synovial fluid of patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"58","author":"Elsaid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R229","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3216","article-title":"Changes in serum and synovial fluid biomarkers after acute injury (nct00332254)","volume":"12","author":"Catterall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39677","article-title":"Acute molecular changes in synovial fluid following human knee injury: Association with early clinical outcomes","volume":"68","author":"Watt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23329","article-title":"Logistical challenges and design considerations for studies using acute anterior cruciate ligament injury as a potential model for early posttraumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Lattermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.12.823","article-title":"Cartilage metabolism in the injured and uninjured knee of the same patient","volume":"53","author":"Dahlberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-005-0023-5","article-title":"Changes in biochemical parameters after anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"30","author":"Higuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39146","article-title":"Changes in cytokines and aggrecan args neoepitope in synovial fluid and serum and in c-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type ii collagen and n-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type i collagen in urine over five years after anterior cruciate ligament rupture: An exploratory analysis in the knee anterior cruciate ligament, nonsurgical versus surgical treatment trial","volume":"67","author":"Struglics","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarafan, N., Fakoor, M., Mehdinasab, A., Bahadoram, M., Ashtary-Larky, D., Mahdavi, H., and Javanmardi, F. (2018). Post-traumatic arthritis: The role of cytokine levels in serum and synovial fluid. Glob. J. Health Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v10n1p166"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11326","article-title":"The release of crosslinked peptides from type ii collagen into human synovial fluid is increased soon after joint injury and in osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"Lohmander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:3<534::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Changes in joint cartilage aggrecan after knee injury and in osteoarthritis","volume":"42","author":"Lohmander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1123-x","article-title":"The complement system is activated in synovial fluid from subjects with knee injury and from patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Struglics","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.06.005","article-title":"Changes in synovial fluid and serum concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein over 5 years after anterior cruciate ligament rupture: An exploratory analysis in the kanon trial","volume":"26","author":"Struglics","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R92","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2735","article-title":"Synovial fluid level of aggrecan args fragments is a more sensitive marker of joint disease than glycosaminoglycan or aggrecan levels: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Larsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-017-0473-8","article-title":"Circulating levels of proinflammatory mediators as potential biomarkers of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis development","volume":"18","author":"Panina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22953","article-title":"Activin a is an anticatabolic autocrine cytokine in articular cartilage whose production is controlled by fibroblast growth factor 2 and nf-kappab","volume":"56","author":"Alexander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.10.019","article-title":"Tsg-6\u2014A double-edged sword for osteoarthritis (oa)","volume":"26","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.12.004","article-title":"Tsg-6 activity as a novel biomarker of progression in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"320","article-title":"Correlation of concentrations of activin a with occurrence and severity of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal. Interact."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.03.013","article-title":"Initiation of complement activation following oxidative stress. In vitro and in vivo observations","volume":"41","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"781","article-title":"Impact of the complement cascade on posttraumatic cartilage inflammation and degradation","volume":"22","author":"John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179544117751430","DOI":"10.1177\/1179544117751430","article-title":"Osteoarthritis and the complement cascade","volume":"11","author":"Silawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R36","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2172","article-title":"High abundance synovial fluid proteome: Distinct profiles in health and osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Gobezie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"433","article-title":"Terminal complement complex in synovial tissue from patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and acute joint trauma","volume":"10","author":"Corvetta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37823","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of synovial fluid from the osteoarthritic knee: Comparison with transcriptome analyses of joint tissues","volume":"65","author":"Ritter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.02.236","article-title":"Inhibition of the complement system component c5 as possible treatment in oa","volume":"26","author":"Bollmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2543","article-title":"Identification of a central role for complement in osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riegger, J., Huber-Lang, M., and Brenner, R.E. (2020). Crucial role of the terminal complement complex in chondrocyte death and hypertrophy after cartilage trauma. Osteoarthr. Cartil.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.175"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1021\/pr200695p","article-title":"Identification of a panel of novel serum osteoarthritis biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Mateos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-1879-x","article-title":"Levels of lectin pathway proteins in plasma and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Ammitzboll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"146","article-title":"Soluble mediators in posttraumatic wrist and primary knee osteoarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Teunis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.10.024","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between serum inflammatory cytokines and knee bone marrow lesions in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1205777","article-title":"Serum levels of resistin and interleukin-17 are associated with increased cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.893771","article-title":"Correlation of il-17 level in synovia and severity of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Gao, S., Liu, Y., Jin, S., Zhang, H., and Su, K. (2019). Correlation between interleukin-17 gene polymorphism and osteoarthritis susceptibility in han chinese population. BMC Med. Genet., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-018-0736-0"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelling, S.J., Bas, S., Puskas, G.J., Dakin, S.G., Suva, D., Finckh, A., Gabay, C., Hoffmeyer, P., Carr, A.J., and Lubbeke, A. (2017). Presence of il-17 in synovial fluid identifies a potential inflammatory osteoarthritic phenotype. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175109"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-018-0132-x","article-title":"Mmp-3 in the peripheral serum as a biomarker of knee osteoarthritis, 40 years after open total knee meniscectomy","volume":"5","author":"Pengas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-009-9911-x","article-title":"Leptin plays a catabolic role on articular cartilage","volume":"37","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.04.002","article-title":"An explorative study comparing levels of soluble mediators in control and osteoarthritic synovial fluid","volume":"21","author":"Beekhuizen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"329792","article-title":"Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in painful knee osteoarthritis and sensitization","volume":"2015","author":"Imamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflam."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.1.76","article-title":"Serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis","volume":"61","author":"Ersoy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40069","article-title":"Serum urate levels predict joint space narrowing in non-gout patients with medial knee osteoarthritis","volume":"69","author":"Krasnokutsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012743108","article-title":"Uric acid is a danger signal of increasing risk for osteoarthritis through inflammasome activation","volume":"108","author":"Denoble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.06.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of intra- and peri-articular structural injuries in traumatic knee joint hemarthrosis\u2014Data from 1145 consecutive knees with subacute mri","volume":"24","author":"Olsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"2602","article-title":"Interleukin 17, a nitric oxide-producing cytokine with a peroxynitrite-independent inhibitory effect on proteoglycan synthesis","volume":"29","author":"Pacquelet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2091325","article-title":"Interleukin-17 can induce osteoarthritis in rabbit knee joints similar to hulth\u2019s method","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.10.005","article-title":"Intra-articular injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the rat: An acute and reversible in vivo model of cartilage proteoglycan degradation","volume":"17","author":"Malfait","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.07.018","article-title":"Interleukin-17 promotes autoimmunity by triggering a positive-feedback loop via interleukin-6 induction","volume":"29","author":"Ogura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603513497569","article-title":"Blood-induced joint damage: The devastating effects of acute joint bleeds versus micro-bleeds","volume":"4","author":"Roosendaal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330913","article-title":"Synovitis and osteoarthritic changes in canine articular cartilage after anterior cruciate ligament transection. Effect of surgical hemostasis","volume":"33","author":"Myers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22304","article-title":"Exposure of human cartilage tissue to low concentrations of blood for a short period of time leads to prolonged cartilage damage: An in vitro study","volume":"56","author":"Jansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13778","article-title":"A fusion protein of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 protects against blood-induced cartilage damage in vitro and in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Coeleveld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.04.002","article-title":"Il-4 alone and in combination with il-10 protects against blood-induced cartilage damage","volume":"20","author":"Roosendaal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07278.x","article-title":"Interleukin-10 protects against blood-induced joint damage","volume":"142","author":"Jansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601006","article-title":"Quantitative mass spectrometry to study inflammatory cartilage degradation and resulting interactions with the complement system","volume":"197","author":"Ahrman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R7","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3555","article-title":"Plasma proteins present in osteoarthritic synovial fluid can stimulate cytokine production via toll-like receptor 4","volume":"14","author":"Sohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1979.tb47142.x","article-title":"Synthesis and secretion of complement proteins by macrophages","volume":"332","author":"Colten","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.09.007","article-title":"Complement component c1q is produced by isolated articular chondrocytes","volume":"28","author":"Lubbers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"648","article-title":"Synthesis of classical pathway complement components by chondrocytes","volume":"88","author":"Bradley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-012-1497-2","article-title":"Anaphylatoxin receptors and complement regulatory proteins in human articular and non-articular chondrocytes: Interrelation with cytokines","volume":"350","author":"Kohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23186","article-title":"Complement c3a and c5a modulate osteoclast formation and inflammatory response of osteoblasts in synergism with il-1beta","volume":"112","author":"Ignatius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.01.686","article-title":"Complement factor expression in osteoarthritis joint compartments","volume":"24","author":"Assirelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20331","article-title":"Joint degeneration following closed intraarticular fracture in the mouse knee: A model of posttraumatic arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R134","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4591","article-title":"Targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines following joint injury: Acute intra-articular inhibition of interleukin-1 following knee injury prevents post-traumatic arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Furman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2011.04.011","article-title":"Acute joint pathology and synovial inflammation is associated with increased intra-articular fracture severity in the mouse knee","volume":"19","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, X., Sandell, L.J., Chinzei, N., Holguin, N., Silva, M.J., Schiavinato, A., and Rai, M.F. (2017). Therapeutic efficacy of intra-articular hyaluronan derivative and platelet-rich plasma in mice following axial tibial loading. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175682"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.33720","article-title":"Potential mechanism of action of intra-articular hyaluronan therapy in osteoarthritis: Are the effects molecular weight dependent?","volume":"32","author":"Ghosh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.05.009","article-title":"Non-invasive mouse models of post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Christiansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2013.06.011","article-title":"Stress-vs-time signals allow the prediction of structurally catastrophic events during fracturing of immature cartilage and predetermine the biomechanical, biochemical, and structural impairment","volume":"183","author":"Rolauffs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27610","article-title":"Vulnerability of the superficial zone of immature articular cartilage to compressive injury","volume":"62","author":"Rolauffs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20101","article-title":"Mechanisms and kinetics of glycosaminoglycan release following in vitro cartilage injury","volume":"50","author":"DiMicco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22480","article-title":"Comparison of loading rate-dependent injury modes in a murine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Lockwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.07.011","article-title":"In vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging of protease activity in a mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"Satkunananthan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38375","article-title":"Early response of mouse joint tissue to noninvasive knee injury suggests treatment targets","volume":"66","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v034a21","article-title":"Sustained intra-cartilage delivery of low dose dexamethasone using a cationic carrier for treatment of post traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Bajpayee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickarski, M., Hayami, T., Zhuo, Y., and Duong, L.T. (2011). Molecular changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection and meniscectomized models of osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-197"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-013-9454-x","article-title":"Animal models of osteoarthritis: Challenges of model selection and analysis","volume":"15","author":"Teeple","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.11.006","article-title":"Cartilage degeneration in different human joints","volume":"13","author":"Kuettner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815588611","article-title":"Animal models of osteoarthritis: Comparisons and key considerations","volume":"52","author":"McCoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.04.018","article-title":"Enhanced cartilage repair in \u2019healer\u2019 mice-new leads in the search for better clinical options for cartilage repair","volume":"62","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2014.08.011","article-title":"Regeneration of articular cartilage in healer and non-healer mice","volume":"39","author":"Rai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.06.005","article-title":"Comparative study of depth-dependent characteristics of equine and human osteochondral tissue from the medial and lateral femoral condyles","volume":"20","author":"Malda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204308","article-title":"The spatial organisation of joint surface chondrocytes: Review of its potential roles in tissue functioning, disease and early, preclinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis","volume":"73","author":"Aicher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30217","article-title":"Onset of preclinical osteoarthritis: The angular spatial organization permits early diagnosis","volume":"63","author":"Rolauffs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27217","article-title":"Proliferative remodeling of the spatial organization of human superficial chondrocytes distant from focal early osteoarthritis","volume":"62","author":"Rolauffs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2008.01.010","article-title":"Distinct horizontal patterns in the spatial organization of superficial zone chondrocytes of human joints","volume":"162","author":"Rolauffs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23288","article-title":"Absence of posttraumatic arthritis following intraarticular fracture in the mrl\/mpj mouse","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22940","article-title":"Therapeutic opportunities to prevent post-traumatic arthritis: Lessons from the natural history of arthritis after articular fracture","volume":"33","author":"Olson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22954","article-title":"Choosing the right chondrocyte cell line: Focus on nitric oxide","volume":"33","author":"Santoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36852","article-title":"Bioresponsive microspheres for on-demand delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines for articular cartilage repair","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R581","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1708","article-title":"Signalling pathway involved in nitric oxide synthase type ii activation in chondrocytes: Synergistic effect of leptin with interleukin-1","volume":"7","author":"Otero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10811","article-title":"Synergistic induction of nitric oxide synthase type ii: In vitro effect of leptin and interferon-gamma in human chondrocytes and atdc5 chondrogenic cells","volume":"48","author":"Otero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayhewy, M., Kevorkian, L., Swingler, T., Bevan, D., Stubberfield, C., Moore, A., and Gavrilovi, J. (2014). A modified and enhanced atdc-5 chondrogenesis model produces an articular-like. Osteoarthr. Cartil., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.02.316"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2014.0034","article-title":"Enhancing chondrogenic phenotype for cartilage tissue engineering: Monoculture and coculture of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Hubka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(78)90056-9","article-title":"Independent regulation of collagen types by chondrocytes during the loss of differentiated function in culture","volume":"15","author":"Benya","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90027-7","article-title":"Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels","volume":"30","author":"Benya","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.06.016","article-title":"Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated human articular chondrocytes: Comparison of 2d and 3d cultures","volume":"20","author":"Caron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurich, M., Hofmann, G.O., Gras, F., and Rolauffs, B. (2018). Human osteochondritis dissecans fragment-derived chondrocyte characteristics ex vivo, after monolayer expansion-induced de-differentiation, and after re-differentiation in alginate bead culture. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2079-6"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0628","article-title":"Expansion and redifferentiation of chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage: Cells for human cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babur, B.K., Ghanavi, P., Levett, P., Lott, W.B., Klein, T., Cooper-White, J.J., Crawford, R., and Doran, M.R. (2013). The interplay between chondrocyte redifferentiation pellet size and oxygen concentration. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058865"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2013.0532","article-title":"Articular chondrocyte redifferentiation in 3d co-cultures with mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Meretoja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33226","article-title":"Chondrocyte redifferentiation in 3d: The effect of adhesion site density and substrate elasticity","volume":"100","author":"Schuh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34924","article-title":"Chondrocyte redifferentiation and construct mechanical property development in single-component photocrosslinkable hydrogels","volume":"102","author":"Levett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16400","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16400","article-title":"Activin a\/bmp2 chimera ab235 drives efficient redifferentiation of long term cultured autologous chondrocytes","volume":"5","author":"Jimenez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1206","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2516","article-title":"Human osteoarthritic chondrons outnumber patient- and joint-matched chondrocytes in hydrogel culture-future application in autologous cell-based oa cartilage repair?","volume":"12","author":"Rothdiener","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0505","article-title":"Induced redifferentiation of human chondrocytes from articular cartilage lesion in alginate bead culture after monolayer dedifferentiation: An alternative cell source for cell-based therapies?","volume":"24","author":"Aurich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-006-0958-2","article-title":"Ankle chondrocytes are more resistant to interleukin-1 than chondrocytes derived from the knee","volume":"35","author":"Aurich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20740","article-title":"Differential matrix degradation and turnover in early cartilage lesions of human knee and ankle joints","volume":"52","author":"Aurich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"18","article-title":"Differences in metabolism of chondrocytes of the knee and ankle joint","volume":"141","author":"Eger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Orthop. Grenzgeb."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurich, M., Hofmann, G.O., and Rolauffs, B. (2017). Differences in type ii collagen turnover of osteoarthritic human knee and ankle joints. Int. Orthop.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3414-5"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B1.27528","article-title":"In vitro phenotypic modulation of chondrocytes from knees of patients with osteochondritis dissecans: Implications for chondrocyte implantation procedures","volume":"94","author":"Aurich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.02.001","article-title":"Loss of spatial organization and destruction of the pericellular matrix in early osteoarthritis in vivo and in a novel in vitro methodology","volume":"24","author":"Felka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0441-0","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in the joint depend on pathology, but are different between synovial fluid, cartilage tissue and cultured chondrocytes","volume":"16","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20523","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of human chondrocytes during passaged monolayer cultivation","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2005.07.003","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of cartilage destruction by mechanical injury","volume":"187","author":"Kurz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickien, M., Heuijerjans, A., Ito, K., and van Donkelaar, C.C. (2018). Comparison between in vitro and in vivo cartilage overloading studies based on a systematic literature review. J. Orthop. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23910"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.06.016","article-title":"Il-10 reduces apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation after injurious compression of mature articular cartilage","volume":"24","author":"Behrendt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.11.007","article-title":"Chondrogenic potential of il-10 in mechanically injured cartilage and cellularized collagen aci grafts","volume":"26","author":"Behrendt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.12.004","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics analysis of cartilage response to mechanical injury and cytokine treatment","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10892","article-title":"Proteoglycan degradation after injurious compression of bovine and human articular cartilage in vitro: Interaction with exogenous cytokines","volume":"48","author":"Patwari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R142","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3456","article-title":"Effects of short-term glucocorticoid treatment on changes in cartilage matrix degradation and chondrocyte gene expression induced by mechanical injury and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24857","article-title":"Mechanical injury potentiates proteoglycan catabolism induced by interleukin-6 with soluble interleukin-6 receptor and tumor necrosis factor alpha in immature bovine and adult human articular cartilage","volume":"60","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M800181-MCP200","article-title":"Mechanical injury and cytokines cause loss of cartilage integrity and upregulate proteins associated with catabolism, immunity, inflammation, and repair","volume":"8","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603511407484","article-title":"Mechanical loading of articular cartilage reduces il-1-induced enzyme expression","volume":"2","author":"Torzilli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.07.010","article-title":"Charge based intra-cartilage delivery of single dose dexamethasone using avidin nano-carriers suppresses cytokine-induced catabolism long term","volume":"24","author":"Bajpayee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinkeviciute, D., Aspberg, A., He, Y., Bay-Jensen, A.C., and Onnerfjord, P. (2020). Characterization of the interleukin-17 effect on articular cartilage in a translational model: An explorative study. BMC Rheumatol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-020-00122-x"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.02.017","article-title":"High throughput proteomic analysis of the secretome in an explant model of articular cartilage inflammation","volume":"74","author":"Clutterbuck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kongdang, P., Chokchaitaweesuk, C., Tangyuenyong, S., and Ongchai, S. (2019). Proinflammatory effects of il-1beta combined with il-17a promoted cartilage degradation and suppressed genes associated with cartilage matrix synthesis in vitro. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24203682"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200006)43:6<1300::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Reduction of interleukin-17-induced inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis in intact murine articular cartilage by interleukin-4","volume":"43","author":"Lubberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.08.021","article-title":"Moderate dynamic compression inhibits pro-catabolic response of cartilage to mechanical injury, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, but accentuates degradation above a strain threshold","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38401","article-title":"Activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 9, and 13 by activated protein c in human osteoarthritic cartilage chondrocytes","volume":"66","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.006","article-title":"Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and dexamethasone on cytokine-challenged cartilage: Relevance to post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00156-0","article-title":"Influence of pro-inflammatory (il-1 alpha, il-6, tnf-alpha, ifn-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (il-4) cytokines on chondrocyte function","volume":"11","author":"Schuerwegh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.02.168","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of interleukin-8, an inflammatory chemokine, in osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.060269","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin 1-induced matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in human chondrocytes by interferon gamma","volume":"66","author":"Ahmad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(96)80012-4","article-title":"Effects of exogenous il-1 beta, tnf alpha, il-6, il-8 and lif on cytokine production by human articular chondrocytes","volume":"4","author":"Henrotin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.04.011","article-title":"Modulation of tgf-beta signaling by proinflammatory cytokines in articular chondrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Stokes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.03.009","article-title":"Comparative effects of il-1beta and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) on catabolic and anabolic gene expression in juvenile bovine chondrocytes","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.11.016","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of il-4 and dynamic compression in il-1beta stimulated chondrocytes","volume":"339","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2178-2","article-title":"The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on aggrecan and type ii collagen expression in rat articular chondrocytes","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34678","article-title":"Stress-induced cartilage degradation does not depend on the nlrp3 inflammasome in human osteoarthritis and mouse models","volume":"64","author":"Bougault","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.10.012","article-title":"Il-10 overexpression differentially affects cartilage matrix gene expression in response to tnf-alpha in human articular chondrocytes in vitro","volume":"44","author":"Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.10.002","article-title":"Interleukin-10 modulates pro-apoptotic effects of tnf-alpha in human articular chondrocytes in vitro","volume":"40","author":"John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22585","article-title":"Nucb2\/nesfatin-1: A new adipokine expressed in human and murine chondrocytes with pro-inflammatory properties, an in vitro study","volume":"32","author":"Scotece","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2078::AID-ART358>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-17 synergistically up-regulate nitric oxide and prostaglandin e2 production in explants of human osteoarthritic knee menisci","volume":"44","author":"LeGrand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00730","article-title":"Interleukin-1-interleukin-17 signaling axis induces cartilage destruction and promotes experimental osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400609","article-title":"Interleukin-17 up-regulation of nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritis cartilage","volume":"40","author":"Attur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27467","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.42.27467","article-title":"Interleukin-17-induced gene expression in articular chondrocytes is associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nf-kappab","volume":"273","author":"Quach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0829","article-title":"Contribution of interleukin 17 to human cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Honorati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0840-y","article-title":"Chondroprotective factors in osteoarthritis: A joint affair","volume":"21","author":"Mimpen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.08.015","article-title":"Interleukin-17f affects cartilage matrix turnover by increasing the expression of collagenases and stromelysin-1 and by decreasing the expression of their inhibitors and extracellular matrix components in chondrocytes","volume":"56","author":"Tanigawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199911)42:11<2399::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappab together regulate interleukin-17-induced nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: Possible role of transactivating factor mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated proten kinase (mapkapk)","volume":"42","author":"Mineau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199905)42:5<963::AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Human interleukin-17: A t cell-derived proinflammatory cytokine produced by the rheumatoid synovium","volume":"42","author":"Chabaud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176::AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukins 1,6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: A possible role as a \"fine-tuning cytokine\" in inflammation processes","volume":"44","author":"Katz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo, M., Yamaoka, K., Sonomoto, K., Fukuyo, S., Oshita, K., Okada, Y., and Tanaka, Y. (2013). Il-17 inhibits chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079463"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemeyer, P., Albrecht, D., Andereya, S., Angele, P., Ateschrang, A., Aurich, M., Baumann, M., Bosch, U., Erggelet, C., and Fickert, S. (2016). Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for cartilage defects of the knee: A guideline by the working group \"clinical tissue regeneration\" of the German Society of Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU). Knee.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2016.02.001"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510381575","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the ankle with matrix-associated chondrocyte implantation: Early clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results","volume":"39","author":"Aurich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510388896","article-title":"Remodeling of articular cartilage and subchondral bone after bone grafting and matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee","volume":"39","author":"Ochs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selig, M., Lauer, J.C., Hart, M.L., and Rolauffs, B. (2020). Mechanotransduction and stiffness-sensing: Mechanisms and opportunities to control multiple molecular aspects of cell phenotype as a design cornerstone of cell-instructive biomaterials for articular cartilage repair. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155399"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S100091","article-title":"Secukinumab for ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Lubrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.03.027","article-title":"Human genome-wide expression analysis reorients the study of inflammatory mediators and biomechanics in osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Sandy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102429","article-title":"Critical role of interleukin (il)-17 in inflammatory and immune disorders: An updated review of the evidence focusing in controversies","volume":"19","author":"Puig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3794","article-title":"Targeting il-17 and th17 cells in chronic inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Miossec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12083","article-title":"Basic biology and role of interleukin-17 in immunity and inflammation","volume":"69","author":"Zenobia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134091","article-title":"Il-17 and immunologically induced senescence regulate response to injury in osteoarthritis","volume":"130","author":"Faust","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akeson, G., and Malemud, C.J. (2017). A role for soluble il-6 receptor in osteoarthritis. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk2030027"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa248","article-title":"A roadmap to target interleukin-6 in osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"Wiegertjes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20908","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.554683","article-title":"Novel cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (comp) neoepitopes identified in synovial fluids from patients with joint diseases using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry","volume":"289","author":"Ahrman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(00)00111-6","article-title":"Il-6 and its soluble receptor augment aggrecanase-mediated proteoglycan catabolism in articular cartilage","volume":"19","author":"Flannery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.2.158","article-title":"Morphological analysis of knee synovial membrane biopsies from a randomized controlled clinical study comparing the effects of sodium hyaluronate (hyalgan) and methylprednisolone acetate (depomedrol) in osteoarthritis","volume":"40","author":"Guerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39006","article-title":"Soluble macrophage biomarkers indicate inflammatory phenotypes in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"67","author":"Daghestani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, M.J., Leckenby, A., Reynolds, G., Spiering, R., Pratt, A.G., Rankin, K.S., Isaacs, J.D., Haniffa, M.A., Milling, S., and Hilkens, C.M. (2019). Macrophage proliferation distinguishes 2 subgroups of knee osteoarthritis patients. JCI Insight, 4.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.125325"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1798-2","article-title":"Synovial fluid monocyte\/macrophage subsets and their correlation to patient-reported outcomes in osteoarthritic patients: A cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Gandhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1318-9","article-title":"Coculture of bovine cartilage with synovium and fibrous joint capsule increases aggrecanase and matrix metalloproteinase activity","volume":"19","author":"Sward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2009.07.006","article-title":"Co-culture of mechanically injured cartilage with joint capsule tissue alters chondrocyte expression patterns and increases adamts5 production","volume":"489","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00911.x","article-title":"Potent inhibition of cartilage biosynthesis by coincubation with joint capsule through an il-1-independent pathway","volume":"19","author":"Patwari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30364","article-title":"Osteoarthritic synovial tissue inhibition of proteoglycan production in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: Establishment and characterization of a long-term cartilage-synovium coculture","volume":"63","author":"Beekhuizen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-012-1724-1","article-title":"Osteoarthritis synovial fluid activates pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary human chondrocytes","volume":"37","author":"Hoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0007","article-title":"A three-dimensional chondrocyte-macrophage coculture system to probe inflammation in experimental osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Samavedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.07.018","article-title":"Cartilage inflammation and degeneration is enhanced by pro-inflammatory (m1) macrophages in vitro, but not inhibited directly by anti-inflammatory (m2) macrophages","volume":"24","author":"Utomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"Johnson, C.I., and Argyle, D.J.D. (2015). In vitro models for the study of osteoarthritis. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.07.007","article-title":"Estrogen reduces mechanical injury-related cell death and proteoglycan degradation in mature articular cartilage independent of the presence of the superficial zone tissue","volume":"21","author":"Imgenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07700.x","article-title":"Physical and biological regulation of proteoglycan turnover around chondrocytes in cartilage explants. Implications for tissue degradation and repair","volume":"878","author":"Quinn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2708-x","article-title":"Relationships of common polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-1a, and IL-1b genes with susceptibility to osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24598","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is a significant predictor of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: The chingford study","volume":"60","author":"Livshits","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.09.011","article-title":"Male il-6 gene knock out mice developed more advanced osteoarthritis upon aging","volume":"13","author":"Bennink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080346","article-title":"The interleukin 1beta pathway in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Daheshia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.18053\/jctres.02.201603.005","article-title":"The role of tnf-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: A focus on regulatory t cells","volume":"2","author":"Farrugia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.026","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-6 signaling in clinic","volume":"50","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii2","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh201","article-title":"The role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"43","author":"Kay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-019-0068-8","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397113666170427125918","article-title":"Synovial fluid and serum concentrations of inflammatory markers in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthitis: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Altobelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holbrook, J., Lara-Reyna, S., Jarosz-Griffiths, H., and McDermott, M. (2019). Tumour necrosis factor signalling in health and disease. F1000 Res., 8.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17023.1"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12196","article-title":"The role of il-6 on apical periodontitis: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Azuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698313","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698313","article-title":"Interleukin 6 and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2014","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taams, L.S. (2020). Interleukin-17 in rheumatoid arthritis: Trials and tribulations. J. Exp. Med., 217.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192048"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.09.001","article-title":"Immunomicrobial pathogenesis of periodontitis: Keystones, pathobionts, and host response","volume":"35","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0973","article-title":"A possible role of IL-1ra 3\u2019-untranslated region in modulation of protein production","volume":"17","author":"Yamshchikov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.04.003","article-title":"Il-1 receptor antagonist gene as a predictive biomarker of progression of knee osteoarthritis in a population cohort","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12148","article-title":"A single intra-articular injection with il-4 plus il-10 ameliorates blood-induced cartilage degeneration in haemophilic mice","volume":"160","author":"Roosendaal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R392","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1502","article-title":"Local il-13 gene transfer prior to immune-complex arthritis inhibits chondrocyte death and matrix-metalloproteinase-mediated cartilage matrix degradation despite enhanced joint inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Nabbe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamberlain, C.S., Leiferman, E.M., Frisch, K.E., Brickson, S.L., Murphy, W.L., Baer, G.S., and Vanderby, R. (2013). Interleukin expression after injury and the effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071631"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-016-0054-4","article-title":"Intra-articular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il1-ra) microspheres for posttraumatic osteoarthritis: In vitro biological activity and in vivo disease modifying effect","volume":"3","author":"Elsaid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2014.906408","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist modulates inflammation and scarring after ligament injury","volume":"55","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.08.001","article-title":"Towards prevention of post-traumatic osteoarthritis: Report from an international expert working group on considerations for the design and conduct of interventional studies following acute knee injury","volume":"27","author":"Watt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-015-0276-7","article-title":"Can we identify patients with high risk of osteoarthritis progression who will respond to treatment? A focus on biomarkers and frailty","volume":"32","author":"Arden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.11.007","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: Biomarkers (biochemical markers)","volume":"28","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747432","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/747432","article-title":"Relationship between investigative biomarkers and radiographic grading in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"2009","author":"Anitua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2017.1340511","article-title":"Is synovitis detected on non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging associated with serum biomarkers and clinical signs of effusion? Data from the osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"47","author":"Deveza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00159-6","article-title":"Is pro-matrix metalloproteinase-3 a marker for posttraumatic cartilage degradation?","volume":"11","author":"Bobacz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.099564","article-title":"Clinical and ultrasonographic predictors of joint replacement for knee osteoarthritis: Results from a large, 3-year, prospective EULAR study","volume":"69","author":"Conaghan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_236","first-page":"2325967119867085","article-title":"Predictors of radiographic osteoarthritis 2 to 3 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Data from the moon on-site nested cohort","volume":"7","author":"Group","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05461-y","article-title":"Post-traumatic osteoarthritis diagnosed within 5 years following ACI reconstruction","volume":"28","author":"Bodkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097762","article-title":"Acl and meniscal injuries increase the risk of primary total knee replacement for osteoarthritis: A matched case-control study using the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD)","volume":"53","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006895","article-title":"Zonal t2* and t1gd assessment of knee joint cartilage in various histological grades of cartilage degeneration: An observational in vitro study","volume":"5","author":"Bittersohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tschaikowsky, M., Selig, M., Brander, S., Balzer, B.N., Hugel, T., and Rolauffs, B. (2020). Proof-of-concept for the detection of early osteoarthritis pathology by clinically applicable endomicroscopy and quantitative ai-supported optical biopsy. Osteoarthr. Cartil.","DOI":"10.1101\/734368"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2011.11.023","article-title":"Modeling chondrocyte patterns by elliptical cluster processes","volume":"177","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"48","article-title":"Danger signals and inflammaging in osteoarthritis","volume":"37","author":"Millerand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075293","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3075293","article-title":"Emerging players at the intersection of chondrocyte loss of maturational arrest, oxidative stress, senescence and low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis","volume":"2018","author":"Minguzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb02054.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6: A cytokine for gerontologists","volume":"41","author":"Ershler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.6.575","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: A magnificent pathway","volume":"61","author":"Maggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x","article-title":"Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence","volume":"908","author":"Franceschi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu057","article-title":"Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases","volume":"69","author":"Franceschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezus, E., Cardoneanu, A., Burlui, A., Luca, A., Codreanu, C., Tamba, B.I., Stanciu, G.D., Dima, N., Badescu, C., and Rezus, C. (2019). The link between inflammaging and degenerative joint diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030614"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.02.021","article-title":"Outcomes associated with early post-traumatic osteoarthritis and other negative health consequences 3-10 years following knee joint injury in youth sport","volume":"23","author":"Whittaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000151406.64393.00","article-title":"Joint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults","volume":"17","author":"Roos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39063","article-title":"Bioactivity in an aggrecan 32-mer fragment is mediated via toll-like receptor 2","volume":"67","author":"Lees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, R.E., Ishihara, S., Tran, P.B., Golub, S.B., Last, K., Miller, R.J., Fosang, A.J., and Malfait, A.M. (2018). An aggrecan fragment drives osteoarthritis pain through toll-like receptor 2. JCI Insight, 3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.95704"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11320","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04477","article-title":"Decorin regulates the aggrecan network integrity and biomechanical functions of cartilage extracellular matrix","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.20316","article-title":"Small leucine-rich proteoglycans orchestrate receptor crosstalk during inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Moreth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642549","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2642549","article-title":"Damps synergize with cytokines or fibronectin fragment on inducing chondrolysis but lose effect when acting alone","volume":"2017","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22610","article-title":"A single blunt impact on cartilage promotes fibronectin fragmentation and upregulates cartilage degrading stromelysin-1\/matrix metalloproteinase-3 in a bovine ex vivo model","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujihara, Y., Abe, T., Asawa, Y., Nishizawa, S., Saijo, H., Hikita, A., and Hoshi, K. (2020). Influence of damage-associated molecular patterns from chondrocytes in tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng. Part A.","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2019.0185"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.01.003","article-title":"Early stage blockade of the alarmin hmgb1 reduces cartilage destruction in experimental OA","volume":"28","author":"Aulin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1642680","article-title":"Dual regulatory roles of hmgb1 in inflammatory reaction of chondrocyte cells and mice","volume":"18","author":"Wenzhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3078-x","article-title":"Increased expression of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) in osteoarthritis of human knee joint compared to hip joint","volume":"436","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_261","first-page":"780","article-title":"Transplanted senescent cells induce an osteoarthritis-like condition in mice","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.05.017","article-title":"Directed elimination of senescent cells attenuates development of osteoarthritis by inhibition of c-iap and xiap","volume":"1865","author":"Peilin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00706","article-title":"Role of the inflammation-autophagy-senescence integrative network in osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Vinatier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4324","article-title":"Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment","volume":"23","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95147","article-title":"Senescent cells and osteoarthritis: A painful connection","volume":"128","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_266","first-page":"479","article-title":"Post-traumatic osteoarthritis: The role of accelerated chondrocyte senescence","volume":"41","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R58","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4494","article-title":"P16ink4a and its regulator mir-24 link senescence and chondrocyte terminal differentiation-associated matrix remodeling in osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Philipot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100201","article-title":"Cellular senescence controls fibrosis in wound healing","volume":"2","author":"Jun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.11.012","article-title":"An essential role for senescent cells in optimal wound healing through secretion of pdgf-aa","volume":"31","author":"Demaria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, O.H., Wilson, D.R., Clement, C.C., Rathod, S., Cherry, C., Powell, B., Lee, Z., Khalil, A.M., Green, J.J., and Campisi, J. (2019). Senescence cell-associated extracellular vesicles serve as osteoarthritis disease and therapeutic markers. JCI Insight, 4.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.125019"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12562","article-title":"Cellular senescence in osteoarthritis pathology","volume":"16","author":"McCulloch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eskelinen, A.S.A., Tanska, P., Florea, C., Orozco, G.A., Julkunen, P., Grodzinsky, A.J., and Korhonen, R.K. (2020). Mechanobiological model for simulation of injured cartilage degradation via pro-inflammatory cytokines and mechanical stimulus. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007998"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1818-0","article-title":"Biomechanical considerations in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"20","author":"Heijink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200510000-00008","article-title":"The role of mechanical loading in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"33","author":"Griffin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.08.001","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and painful joint burden in osteoarthritis: A matter of sex?","volume":"25","author":"Perruccio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-017-1121-8","article-title":"The interrelation of osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus: Considering the potential role of interleukin-10 and in vitro models for further analysis","volume":"67","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.10.021","article-title":"Osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: What are the links?","volume":"122","author":"Courties","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000077","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000077","article-title":"Association between diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Louati","year":"2015","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60681-3","article-title":"Identification of new susceptibility loci for osteoarthritis (arcogen): A genome-wide association study","volume":"380","author":"Zeggini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.11.010","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: Genetics, genomics and epigenetics","volume":"28","author":"Reynard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauer, J.C., Selig, M., Hart, M.L., Kurz, B., and Rolauffs, B. (2021). Articular chondrocyte phenotype regulation through the cytoskeleton and the signaling processes that originate from or converge on the cytoskeleton: Towards a novel understanding of the intersection between actin dynamics and chondrogenic function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063279"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/4\/1996\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1760160326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/4\/1996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"references-count":281,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22041996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22041996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]}}}