{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:15:34Z","timestamp":1777565734800,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FoRUM (Ruhr-University Bochum)","award":["F903N-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F903N-2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008436","name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Verein Gl\u00fcck im Blick","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To reveal the pathomechanisms of glaucoma, a common cause of blindness, suitable animal models are needed. As previously shown, retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve degeneration occur in \u03b2B1-CTGF mice. Here, we aimed to determine possible apoptotic mechanisms and degeneration of different retinal cells. Hence, retinae were processed for immunohistology (n = 5\u20139\/group) and quantitative real-time PCR analysis (n = 5\u20137\/group) in 5- and 10-week-old \u03b2B1-CTGF and wildtype controls. We noted significantly more cleaved caspase 3+ cells in \u03b2B1-CTGF retinae at 5 (p = 0.005) and 10 weeks (p = 0.02), and a significant upregulation of Casp3 and Bax\/Bcl2 mRNA levels (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, more terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL+) cells were detected in transgenic mice at 5 (p = 0.03) and 10 weeks (p = 0.02). Neurofilament H staining (p = 0.01) as well as Nefh (p = 0.02) and Tubb3 (p = 0.009) mRNA levels were significantly decreased at 10 weeks. GABAergic synapse intensity was lower at 5 weeks, while no alterations were noted at 10 weeks. The glutamatergic synapse intensity was decreased at 5 (p = 0.007) and 10 weeks (p = 0.01). No changes were observed for bipolar cells, photoreceptors, and macroglia. We conclude that apoptotic processes and synapse loss precede neuronal death in this model. This slow progression rate makes the \u03b2B1-CTGF mice a suitable model to study primary open-angle glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Activation of Apoptosis in a \u03b2B1-CTGF Transgenic Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Reinehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Mueller-Buehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna D.","family":"Doerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Fuchshofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University Regensburg, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gesa","family":"Stute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Burkhard","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Joachim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000099273","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"92","author":"Tezel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. 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