{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:46:35Z","timestamp":1790462795096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was supported by the Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute (BCRI 19038) and funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R 1F 1A 1061179).","award":["BCRI 19038; NRF-2020R 1F 1A 1061179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI 19038; NRF-2020R 1F 1A 1061179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the effects of blue light exposure on nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) expression on the mouse ocular surface and evaluated the role of NOD2 activation in light-induced cell death. Mice were divided into wild-type (WT), NOD2-knock out (KO), WT + blue light (WT + BL), and NOD2-KO + blue light (NOD2-KO + BL) groups, and the mice in the WT+BL and NOD2-KO + BL groups were exposed to blue light for 10 days. After 10 days of blue light exposure, increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were observed in the WT + BL and NOD2-KO + BL groups, and the WT + BL group showed a higher expression of NOD2 and autophagy related 16 like 1. Although both WT+BL and NOD2-KO + BL groups showed an increase in the expression of light chain 3-II, NOD2-KO + BL mice had a significantly lower p62 expression than WT + BL mice. In addition, NOD2-KO+BL mice had significantly lower corneal epithelial damage and apoptosis than WT + BL mice. In conclusion, blue light exposure can induce impaired autophagy by activation of NOD2 on the ocular surface. In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)\u2013NOD2\u2013autophagy related 16 like 1 (ATG16L) signaling pathway may be involved in the blue-light-induced autophagy responses, resulting in corneal epithelial apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T20:56:21Z","timestamp":1613681781000},"page":"2015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Blue Light Induces Impaired Autophagy through Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2 Activation on the Mouse Ocular Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rujun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centers for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Suk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonghwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8790-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon Jeong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 77, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Chul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centers for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.5.343","article-title":"Pterygium and ultraviolet radiation: A positive correlation","volume":"68","author":"Moran","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. 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