{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:47:10Z","timestamp":1785383230327,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1D1A1B07043493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07043493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019H1A2A1076083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019H1A2A1076083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), which suggests that anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds might provide an alternative treatment for PD. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of evernic aid (EA), which was screened from a lichen library provided by the Korean Lichen Research Institute at Sunchon National University. EA is a secondary metabolite generated by lichens, including Ramalina, Evernia, and Hypogymnia, and several studies have described its anticancer, antifungal, and antimicrobial effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of EA have not been studied. We found that EA protected primary cultured neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium (MPP+)-induced cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, and effectively reduced MPP+-induced astroglial activation by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB pathway. In vivo, EA ameliorated MPTP-induced motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal pathway in C57BL\/6 mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EA has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in PD models and suggest that EA is a potential therapeutic candidate for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T21:15:01Z","timestamp":1613942101000},"page":"2098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Seulah","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Ji","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonguk","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Geun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7875-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihito","family":"Ishigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Seoun","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Cheol","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3203-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0241-2","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: New insights","volume":"9","author":"McManus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. 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