{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:24:30Z","timestamp":1791051870572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is called the \u2018silent disease\u2019 because, although it does not give significant symptoms when it is not complicated, can cause fragility fractures, with serious consequences and death. Furthermore, the consequences of osteoporosis have been calculated to weigh heavily on the costs of health systems in all the countries. Osteoporosis is considered a female disease. Actually, the hormonal changes that occur after menopause certainly determine a significant increase in osteoporosis and the risk of fractures in women. However, while there is no doubt that women are more exposed to osteoporosis and fragility fractures, the literature clearly indicates that physicians tend to underestimate the osteoporosis in men. The review of the literature done by the authors shows that osteoporosis and fragility fractures have a high incidence also in men; and, furthermore, the risk of fatal complications in hip fractured men is higher than that for women. The authors report the evidence of the literature on male osteoporosis, dwelling on epidemiology, causes of osteoporosis in men, diagnosis, and treatment. The analysis of the literature shows that male osteoporosis is underscreened, underdiagnosed, and undertreated, both in primary and secondary prevention of fragility fractures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T21:15:01Z","timestamp":1613942101000},"page":"2105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Osteoporosis in Men: A Review of an Underestimated Bone Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Rinonapoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, University of Perugia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmelinda","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthogeriatric Service, Geriatric Unit, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Meccariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AORN San Pio \u201cGaetano Rummo Hospital\u201d, via R.Delcogliano, 82100 Benevento (BN), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Bisaccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, University of Perugia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ceccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, University of Perugia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Auro","family":"Caraffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, University of Perugia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1994). Assessment of Fracture Risk and Its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, WHO. 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