{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:49:34Z","timestamp":1788353374501,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cocaine is one of the most widely abused illicit drugs worldwide and has long been recognised as an agent of cardiac dysfunction in numerous cases of drug overdose. Cocaine has previously been shown to up-regulate cytoskeletal rearrangements and morphological changes in numerous tissues; however, previous literature observes such changes primarily in clinical case reports and addiction studies. An investigation into the fundamental cytoskeletal parameters of migration, adhesion and proliferation were studied to determine the cytoskeletal and cytotoxic basis of cocaine in cardiac cells. Treatment of cardiac myocytes with cocaine increased cell migration and adhesion (p &lt; 0.05), with no effect on cell proliferation, except with higher doses eliciting (1\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL) its diminution and increase in cell death. Cocaine downregulated phosphorylation of cofilin, decreased expression of adhesion modulators (integrin-\u03b23) and increased expression of ezirin within three hours of 1 \u03bcg\/mL treatments. These functional responses were associated with changes in cellular morphology, including alterations in membrane stability and a stellate-like phenotype with less compaction between cells. Higher dose treatments of cocaine (5\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL) were associated with significant cardiomyocyte cell death (p &lt; 0.05) and loss of cellular architecture. These results highlight the importance of cocaine in mediating cardiomyocyte function and cytotoxicity associated with the possible loss of intercellular contacts required to maintain normal cell viability, with implications for cardiotoxicity relating to hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T20:53:21Z","timestamp":1614200001000},"page":"2263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cocaine Induces Cytoskeletal Changes in Cardiac Myocytes: Implications for Cardiac Morphology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Avnish","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health &amp; Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Orme Merve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Reme\u0161kevi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pola","family":"Sobiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben P","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Polycarpou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Coventry University, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alison Gingell Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.02.001","article-title":"Analysis of cocaine adulterants in human brain in cases of drug-related death","volume":"285","author":"Knuth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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