{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:38:22Z","timestamp":1790660302028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy complications are a major cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality in humans. The majority of pregnancy complications initiate due to abnormal placental development and function. During the last decade, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating placental and fetal development has become evident. Dysregulation of miRNAs in the placenta not only affects placental development and function, but these miRNAs can also be exported to both maternal and fetal compartments and affect maternal physiology and fetal growth and development. Due to their differential expression in the placenta and maternal circulation during pregnancy complications, miRNAs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers. However, the differential expression of a miRNA in the placenta may not always be reflected in maternal circulation, which makes it difficult to find a reliable biomarker for placental dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of differentially expressed miRNAs in the placenta and\/or maternal circulation during preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which can potentially serve as biomarkers for prediction or diagnosis of pregnancy complications. Using different bioinformatics tools, we also identified potential target genes of miRNAs associated with PE and IUGR, and the role of miRNA-mRNA networks in the regulation of important signaling pathways and biological processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T02:08:17Z","timestamp":1614305297000},"page":"2313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["MicroRNA\u2013mRNA Networks in Pregnancy Complications: A Comprehensive Downstream Analysis of Potential Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asghar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1158-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frieder","family":"Hadlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad W.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawit","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit J.","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quinton A.","family":"Winger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siriluck","family":"Ponsuksili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.06.038","article-title":"Growth and function of the normal human placenta","volume":"114","author":"Gude","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2015","article-title":"Placental origins of chronic disease","volume":"96","author":"Burton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev163428","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.163428","article-title":"Development of the human placenta","volume":"146","author":"Turco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Bouma, G.J., Anthony, R.V., and Winger, Q.A. (2020). The Role of LIN28-let-7-ARID3B Pathway in Placental Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103637"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Reed, M.D., and Mattison, D.R. (2013). Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Skinner, M.K. (2018). Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0738","article-title":"Comparative developmental anatomy of the murine and human definitive placentae","volume":"23","author":"Georgiades","year":"2002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0965539502000220","article-title":"Trophoblast turnover in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Huppertz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fetal Matern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02227-w","article-title":"Clinical application of exosomes and circulating microRNAs in the diagnosis of pregnancy complications and foetal abnormalities","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awamleh, Z., Gloor, G.B., and Han, V.K. (2019). Placental microRNAs in pregnancies with early onset intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia: Potential impact on gene expression and pathophysiology. BMC Med. Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-019-0548-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.10.005","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: Clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood","volume":"99","author":"Armengaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.06.021","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians","volume":"193","author":"Sentilhes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.042","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data","volume":"35","author":"Easter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00009","article-title":"Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction","volume":"49","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baschat, A.A., and Hecher, K. (2004). Fetal Growth Restriction Due to Placental Disease. Seminars in Perinatology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2003.10.014"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179827","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/179827","article-title":"Regulation of nutrient transport across the placenta","volume":"2012","author":"Lager","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-5-24","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction and placental angiogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Barut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16153","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150916153","article-title":"Maternal\u2013fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: The role of the placenta","volume":"15","author":"Brett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000497240","article-title":"Maternal Hematological Parameters and Placental and Umbilical Cord Histopathology in Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"28","author":"Kaizer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-009","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Its pathogenesis and pathophysiolgy","volume":"27","author":"Gathiram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"12381","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"366","author":"Burton","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2019.0264","article-title":"Diagnostic Potential of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in the Detection of Preeclampsia","volume":"24","author":"Hornakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"72","article-title":"The placenta in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens","volume":"2","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Women Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and surveillance of late-onset fetal growth restriction","volume":"218","author":"Figueras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72852-4","article-title":"Metabolomic biomarkers in midtrimester maternal plasma can accurately predict the development of preeclampsia","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294954","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/294954","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as clinical biomarkers in the predictions of pregnancy complications","volume":"2015","author":"Tsochandaridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402","article-title":"Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation","volume":"9","author":"Hayder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05005","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05005","article-title":"Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bav102","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bav102","article-title":"MtiBase: A database for decoding microRNA target sites located within CDS and 5\u2032 UTR regions from CLIP-Seq and expression profile datasets","volume":"2015","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.08.002","article-title":"Placenta microRNAs: Responders to environmental chemicals and mediators of pathophysiology of the human placenta","volume":"7","author":"Addo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R259","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0603","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Crucial regulators of placental development","volume":"155","author":"Hayder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.02.006","article-title":"Placental-specific microRNA in maternal circulation\u2013identification of appropriate pregnancy-associated microRNAs with diagnostic potential","volume":"89","author":"Kotlabova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405528111","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of tissue-specific global gene expression in humans","volume":"111","author":"Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2010.07.002","article-title":"Serum microRNAs as powerful cancer biomarkers","volume":"1806","author":"Wittmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta BBA Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00475-7","article-title":"Maternal obesity alters C19MC microRNAs expression profile in fetal umbilical cord blood","volume":"17","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600646","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600646","article-title":"Placental dysfunction is associated with altered microRNA expression in pregnant women with low folate status","volume":"61","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04026-8","article-title":"Mother\u2019s Pre-pregnancy BMI and Placental Candidate miRNAs: Findings from the ENVIR ON AGE Birth Cohort","volume":"7","author":"Tsamou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.075481","article-title":"Human villous trophoblasts express and secrete placenta-specific microRNAs into maternal circulation via exosomes","volume":"81","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147660","article-title":"Identification of pregnancy-associated microRNAs in maternal plasma","volume":"56","author":"Miura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6972732","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6972732","article-title":"Small molecule, big prospects: MicroRNA in pregnancy and its complications","volume":"2017","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.07.029","article-title":"Application of next-generation sequencing technology to profile the circulating microRNAs in the serum of preeclampsia versus normal pregnant women","volume":"412","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibai, B.M. (2006). Preeclampsia as a Cause of Preterm and Late Preterm (Near-Term) Births. Seminars in Perinatology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2006.01.008"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23379-2","article-title":"RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are transformative in the differentiation of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast, in human primary villous and BeWo trophoblasts","volume":"8","author":"Azar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1210-1248","article-title":"Towards a knowledge-based human protein atlas","volume":"28","author":"Uhlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.01.012","article-title":"Circulating exosomal and Argonaute-bound microRNAs in preeclampsia","volume":"692","author":"Alasztics","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7515","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007515","article-title":"MiR-210 and miR-155 as potential diagnostic markers for pre-eclampsia pregnancies","volume":"96","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.4238\/2011.November.8.5","article-title":"Serum microRNA expression in pregnancies with preeclampsia","volume":"10","author":"Gunel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hromadnikova, I., Kotlabova, K., Ivankova, K., and Krofta, L. (2017). First trimester screening of circulating C19MC microRNAs and the evaluation of their potential to predict the onset of preeclampsia and IUGR. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171756"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.07.010","article-title":"Circulating microRNA expression as predictor of preeclampsia and its severity","volume":"627","author":"Jairajpuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.02.001","article-title":"Elevated microRNA-520g in pre-eclampsia inhibits migration and invasion of trophoblasts","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970265","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/970265","article-title":"Maternal plasma miRNAs expression in preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.524","article-title":"Quantification of preeclampsia-related microRNAs in maternal serum","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04882","article-title":"Usefulness of circulating microRNAs for the prediction of early preeclampsia at first-trimester of pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Luque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2019.03.012","article-title":"Serum levels of miR-628-3p and miR-628-5p during the early pregnancy are increased in women who subsequently develop preeclampsia","volume":"16","author":"Luevano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4611-6","article-title":"Circulating levels of specific members of chromosome 19 microRNA cluster are associated with preeclampsia development","volume":"297","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12749","article-title":"Circulating chromosome 19 miRNA cluster microRNAs in pregnant women with severe pre-eclampsia","volume":"41","author":"Miura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.09.023","article-title":"Role of mesenchymal stem cells exosomes derived microRNAs; miR-136, miR-494 and miR-495 in pre-eclampsia diagnosis and evaluation","volume":"659","author":"Motawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.01.008","article-title":"Distinct subsets of microRNAs are expressed differentially in the human placentas of patients with preeclampsia","volume":"196","author":"Pineles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.01.028","article-title":"Potential role of circulating microRNAs as a biomarker for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"105","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00672","article-title":"Placental exosomes as early biomarker of preeclampsia: Potential role of exosomal microRNAs across gestation","volume":"102","author":"Salomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2013.858743","article-title":"miRNA expression profiles determined in maternal sera of patients with HELLP syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Stubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.11.011","article-title":"Identification of potential early biomarkers of preeclampsia","volume":"61","author":"Timofeeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2014.03.001","article-title":"Potential role of circulating microRNAs as early markers of preeclampsia","volume":"53","author":"Ura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0045-0","article-title":"miR-181a-5p suppresses invasion and migration of HTR-8\/SVneo cells by directly targeting IGF2BP2","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0304","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs are elevated in plasma from severe preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"143","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02647","article-title":"Variations of microRNAs in human placentas and plasma from preeclamptic pregnancy","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21604-6","article-title":"Early detection of preeclampsia using circulating small non-coding RNA","volume":"8","author":"Yoffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"11","article-title":"Reduced circulating miR-196b levels is associated with preeclampsia","volume":"4","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens. Int. J. Women Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, G., Guanzon, D., Kinhal, V., Elfeky, O., Lai, A., Longo, S., Nuzhat, Z., Palma, C., Scholz-Romero, K., and Menon, R. (2017). Oxygen tension regulates the miRNA profile and bioactivity of exosomes released from extravillous trophoblast cells\u2013liquid biopsies for monitoring complications of pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174514"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Contribution of regulatory T cells to immune tolerance and association of microRNA-210 and Foxp3 in preeclampsia","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.06.006","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiles in placenta with severe preeclampsia using a PNA-based microarray","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26282","article-title":"Down-regulation of microRNA let-7d inhibits the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells in preeclampsia","volume":"119","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.09.004","article-title":"Placental microRNA expression in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia","volume":"204","author":"Enquobahrie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"6599","article-title":"Up-regulation of miR-517-5p inhibits ERK\/MMP-2 pathway: Potential role in preeclampsia","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13560","article-title":"Mi RNA-320a inhibits trophoblast cell invasion by targeting estrogen-related receptor-gamma","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1533","article-title":"MiR-4421 regulates the progression of preeclampsia by regulating CYP11B2","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2009.228","article-title":"Differential expression of microRNAs in the placentae of Chinese patients with severe pre-eclampsia","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.01.102","article-title":"MiR-136 contributes to pre-eclampsia through its effects on apoptosis and angiogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"50","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"695","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-21 and miR-122 in preeclamptic placentas","volume":"36","author":"Vazan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroendocr. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.09.059","article-title":"miR-125b-1-3p inhibits trophoblast cell invasion by targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in preeclampsia","volume":"453","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.11.005","article-title":"Dysregulated placental microRNAs in Early and Late onset Preeclampsia","volume":"61","author":"Lykoudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.568","article-title":"MicroRNA-30a-3p is overexpressed in the placentas of patients with preeclampsia and affects trophoblast invasion and apoptosis by its effects on IGF-1","volume":"218","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.02.012","article-title":"MicroRNA-141 is upregulated in preeclamptic placentae and regulates trophoblast invasion and intercellular communication","volume":"172","author":"Chaiwangyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"245","article-title":"P40. MIR-21 and mir-221 overexpression in placental tissue of preeclamptic patients","volume":"5","author":"Svecova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens. Int. J. Women Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1051","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3131","article-title":"Preeclampsia up-regulates angiogenesis-associated microRNA (ie. miR-17,-20a, and-20b) that target ephrin-B2 and EPHB4 in human placenta","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.10.015","article-title":"MicroRNA-431 affects trophoblast migration and invasion by targeting ZEB1 in preeclampsia","volume":"683","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19910","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19910","article-title":"The aberrantly expressed miR-193b-3p contributes to preeclampsia through regulating transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1-661.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.12.045","article-title":"Differential expression profile of microRNAs in human placentas from preeclamptic pregnancies vs. normal pregnancies","volume":"200","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"2199","article-title":"MiR-134 inhibits infiltration of trophoblast cells in placenta of patients with preeclampsia by decreasing ITGB1 expression","volume":"22","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Yang, W., Yang, H.-x., Liao, Q., Ye, G., Fu, G., Ji, L., Xu, P., Wang, H., and Li, Y.-x. (2012). Downregulated miR-195 detected in preeclamptic placenta affects trophoblast cell invasion via modulating ActRIIA expression. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038875"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.07.009","article-title":"MicroRNA-218-5p promotes endovascular trophoblast differentiation and spiral artery remodeling","volume":"26","author":"Dunk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1508439","article-title":"Regulatory effect of miR-195 in the placental dysfunction of preeclampsia","volume":"33","author":"Gunel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060514540627","article-title":"Decreased placental miR-126 expression and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with pre-eclampsia","volume":"42","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.12.006","article-title":"A potential regulatory network among WDR86-AS1, miR-10b-3p, and LITAF is possibly involved in preeclampsia pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.10.012","article-title":"MicroRNA-454 contributes to sustaining the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells through inhibiting Nodal\/ALK7 signaling in pre-eclampsia","volume":"298","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.055","article-title":"MicroRNA-454 is involved in regulating trophoblast cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion in preeclampsia by modulating the expression of ephrin receptor B4","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2019.01.002","article-title":"Down-regulated miR-149-5p contributes to preeclampsia via modulating endoglin expression","volume":"15","author":"Xiaobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2014.35","article-title":"MiR-101 regulates apoptosis of trophoblast HTR-8\/SVneo cells by targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein 44 during preeclampsia","volume":"28","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103145","article-title":"Maternal plasma miRNAs as potential biomarkers for detecting risk of small-for-gestational-age births","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18897","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018897","article-title":"MicroRNA-206 predicts raised fetal growth retardation risk through the interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor in pregnancies","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1159\/000507619","article-title":"MicroRNA-148b-3p and MicroRNA-25-3p Are Overexpressed in Fetuses with Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"47","author":"Priego","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.07.001","article-title":"The levels of hypoxia-regulated microRNAs in plasma of pregnant women with fetal growth restriction","volume":"31","author":"Mouillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliaferri, S., Cepparulo, P., Vinciguerra, A., Campanile, M., Esposito, G., Maruotti, G., Zullo, F., Annunziato, L., and Pignataro, G. (2020). The microRNA cluster including miRNA16, miRNA27 and miRNA103 represents an early peripheral biomarker of fetal growth restriction. Authorea Prepr.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.159523575.55765592"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-020-0259-0","article-title":"Whole-transcriptome sequencing uncovers core regulatory modules and gene signatures of human fetal growth restriction","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hromadnikova, I., Dvorakova, L., Kotlabova, K., and Krofta, L. (2019). The prediction of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction via the first trimester screening of plasma exosomal C19MC microRNAs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122972"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12348","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900718RR","article-title":"LIN28-let-7 axis regulates genes in immortalized human trophoblast cells by targeting the ARID3B-complex","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2020.01.002","article-title":"Identification of miR-210-5p in human placentae from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, and its potential role in the pregnancy complications","volume":"19","author":"Awamleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burton, G.J. (2013). Reduced Cystathionine g-Lyase and Increased miR-21 Expression Are Associated with Increased Vascular Resistance in Growth-Restricted Pregnancies. Am. J. Pathol., 182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.001"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hromadnikova, I., Kotlabova, K., Hympanova, L., and Krofta, L. (2015). Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease associated microRNAs are dysregulated in placental tissues affected with gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138383"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.04.009","article-title":"Increased levels of microRNA-424 are associated with the pathogenesis of fetal growth restriction","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14335","article-title":"miRNA-210-3p regulates trophoblast proliferation and invasiveness through fibroblast growth factor 1 in selective intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.02.002","article-title":"Whole genome miRNA profiling revealed miR-199a as potential placental pathogenesis of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies","volume":"92","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.05.001","article-title":"Placental expression of microRNAs in infants born small for gestational age","volume":"81","author":"Kruse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16566-0","article-title":"MicroRNA regulation of Transthyretin in trophoblast differentiation and Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction","volume":"7","author":"Saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Wu, W., Xu, X., Huang, L., Gao, Q., Chen, H., Sun, H., Xia, Y., Sha, J., and Wang, X. (2013). miR-141 contributes to fetal growth restriction by regulating PLAG1 expression. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058737"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thamotharan, S., Chu, A., Kempf, K., Janzen, C., Grogan, T., Elashoff, D.A., and Devaskar, S.U. (2017). Differential microRNA expression in human placentas of term intra-uterine growth restriction that regulates target genes mediating angiogenesis and amino acid transport. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176493"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361832","article-title":"Altered expression of miR-518b and miR-519a in the placenta is associated with low fetal birth weight","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7462","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiles and networks in placentas complicated with selective intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.07.001","article-title":"Potential role of microRNA-424 in regulating ERR\u03b3 to suppress trophoblast proliferation and invasion in fetal growth restriction","volume":"83","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4045","article-title":"Characterization of placenta-specific microRNAs in fetal growth restriction pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Higashijima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.5248604","article-title":"Fast and effective prediction of microRNA\/target duplexes","volume":"10","author":"Rehmsmeier","year":"2004","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W451","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl243","article-title":"RNAhybrid: MicroRNA target prediction easy, fast and flexible","volume":"34","author":"Rehmsmeier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt019","article-title":"CluePedia Cytoscape plugin: Pathway insights using integrated experimental and in silico data","volume":"29","author":"Bindea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp101","article-title":"ClueGO: A Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks","volume":"25","author":"Bindea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.092","article-title":"Large-scale gene function analysis with the PANTHER classification system","volume":"8","author":"Mi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601146R","article-title":"Expression and trafficking of placental microRNAs at the feto-maternal interface","volume":"31","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floris, I., Kraft, J.D., and Altosaar, I. (2016). Roles of microRNA across prenatal and postnatal periods. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121994"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2019.01.024","article-title":"The roles of microRNAs in epigenetic regulation","volume":"51","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107167","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22363","article-title":"About miRNAs, miRNA seeds, target genes and target pathways","volume":"8","author":"Kehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3853","article-title":"Competition between target sites of regulators shapes post-transcriptional gene regulation","volume":"16","author":"Jens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3682","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3682","article-title":"MicroRNAs tend to synergistically control expression of genes encoding extensively-expressed proteins in humans","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., and Finley, S.D. (2018). Mechanistic insight into activation of MAPK signaling by pro-angiogenic factors. BMC Syst. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-018-0668-5"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1593362","article-title":"Placental expression of angiogenesis-related genes and their receptors in IUGR pregnancies: Correlation with fetoplacental and maternal parameters","volume":"33","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2010). Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function, 2010, Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.","DOI":"10.4199\/C00016ED1V01Y201008ISP009"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.221","article-title":"IGF2 stimulates fetal growth in a sex-and organ-dependent manner","volume":"83","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217259","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4217259","article-title":"The roles of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 in cancer and cancer stem cells","volume":"2018","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.05.024","article-title":"Transgenic expression of the RNA binding protein IMP2 stabilizes miRNA targets in murine microsteatosis","volume":"1864","author":"Amirabad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.287540.116","article-title":"IMPs: An RNA-binding protein family that provides a link between stem cell maintenance in normal development and cancer","volume":"30","author":"Degrauwe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6718","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in trophoblasts and abnormal activation in preeclampsia","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.11.034","article-title":"Expression and functional role of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) in placenta during different stages of pregnancy in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"143","author":"Devi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C4","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00209.2009","article-title":"Multifunctional angiogenic factors: Add GnRH to the list. Focus on \u201cGonadotropin-releasing hormone-regulated chemokine expression in human placentation\u201d","volume":"297","author":"Pearce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.05.020","article-title":"Placental gene expression patterns of epidermal growth factor in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"170","author":"Rab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1653708","article-title":"Role of platelet-derived growth factors in physiology and medicine","volume":"22","author":"Andrae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa070","article-title":"Is there a definite relationship between placental mTOR signaling and fetal growth?","volume":"103","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"227","article-title":"Expression of TGF-\u00df signaling proteins in normal placenta and gestational trophoblastic disease","volume":"22","author":"Xuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00963","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway","volume":"117","author":"Rawlings","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.102376","article-title":"The Hippo pathway effectors TAZ and YAP in development, homeostasis and disease","volume":"141","author":"Varelas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013559117","article-title":"Role of Hippo signaling pathway in early placental development","volume":"117","author":"Soncin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-018-9770-7","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in severe preeclampsia","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"6511","article-title":"MiRNA-210: A current overview","volume":"37","author":"Bavelloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1135","article-title":"Hypoxia and placental development","volume":"109","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa187","article-title":"MicroRNA-210 regulates placental adaptation to maternal hypoxic stress during pregnancy","volume":"104","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/5\/2313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:28:54Z","timestamp":1760160534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/5\/2313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22052313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22052313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}