{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:19:19Z","timestamp":1783459159408,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for the perfect bone graft material is an important topic in material science and medicine. Despite human bone being the ideal material, due to its composition, morphology, and familiarity with cells, autografts are widely considered demanding and cause additional stress to the patient because of bone harvesting. However, human bone from tissue banks can be used to prepare materials in eligible form for transplantation. Without proteins and fats, the bone becomes a non-immunogenic matrix for human cells to repopulate in the place of implantation. To repair bone losses, the granulate form of the material is easy to apply and forms an interconnected porous structure. A granulate composed of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate, pulverized human bone, and chitosan\u2014a potent biopolymer applied in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biotechnology\u2014has been developed. A commercial encapsulator was used to obtain granulate, using chitosan gelation upon pH increase. The granulate has been proven in vitro to be non-cytotoxic, suitable for MG63 cell growth on its surface, and increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, an important biological marker of bone tissue growth. Moreover, the granulate is suitable for thermal sterilization without losing its form\u2014increasing its convenience for application in surgery for guided bone regeneration in case of minor or non-load bearing voids in bone tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"2324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Chitosan-Human Bone Composite Granulates for Guided Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9339-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology, CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6046-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wojasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Gut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantology and Central Tissue Bank, Medical University of Warsaw, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1645-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"Bojar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Practice Witold Bojar, Opaczewska 43\/124B, 02-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Ciach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology, CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001420","article-title":"Autograft, Allograft, and Bone Graft Substitutes: Clinical Evidence and Indications for Use in the Setting of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery","volume":"33","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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