{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:02:05Z","timestamp":1790949725372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is to date the most common chronic liver disease in clinical practice and, consequently, a major health problem worldwide. It affects approximately 30% of adults in the general population and up to 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Despite the current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of NAFLD, no specific pharmacological therapies are until now approved for this disease and, consequently, general strategies have been proposed to manage it. They include: (a) lifestyle change in order to promote weight loss by diet and physical activity, (b) control of the main cardiometabolic risk factors, (c) correction of all modifiable risk factors leading the development and progression of advanced forms of NAFLD, and (d) prevention of hepatic and extra-hepatic complications. In the last decade, several potential agents have been widely investigated for the treatment of NAFLD and its advanced forms\u2014shedding some light but casting a few shadows. They include some glucose-lowering drugs (such as pioglitazone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors), antioxidants (such as vitamin E), statins or other lipid lowering agents, bile and non-bile acid farnesoid X activated receptor (FXR) agonists, and others. This narrative review discusses in detail the different available approaches with the potential to prevent and treat NAFLD and its advanced forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T21:02:34Z","timestamp":1614373354000},"page":"2350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Treatments for NAFLD: State of Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dalbeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of General Medicine, Hypertension and Liver Unit, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016). EASL\u2013EASD\u2013EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol., 64, 1388\u20131402.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","article-title":"The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154170","article-title":"Complications, morbidity and mortality of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"111","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.021","article-title":"Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence?","volume":"68","author":"Lonardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.173","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic vascular complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Targher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41","article-title":"Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Anstee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1902","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Mantovani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13264","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ballestri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154413","article-title":"Commentary: Nonalcoholic or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease? The epidemic of the 21st century in search of the most appropriate name","volume":"113","author":"Polyzos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.09.013","article-title":"NAFLD, MAFLD and DAFLD","volume":"52","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4428","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4428","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Summary of NICE guidance","volume":"354","author":"Glen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4747","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4747","article-title":"Management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"372","author":"Petroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.10.009","article-title":"Not all NAFLD patients are the same: We need to find a personalized therapeutic approach","volume":"51","author":"Mantovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.016","article-title":"Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise","volume":"67","author":"Trenell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.011","article-title":"Beneficial effects of lifestyle intervention in non-obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"69","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604919","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.604919","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking Increased Risk of Overall Mortality in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"Charatcharoenwitthaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26299","article-title":"Dietary fructose in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"57","author":"Vos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13435","article-title":"The Mediterranean dietary pattern as the diet of choice for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence and plausible mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Salomone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Meir, A.Y., Rinott, E., Tsaban, G., Zelicha, H., Kaplan, A., Rosen, P., Shelef, I., Youngster, I., Shalev, A., and Bl\u00fcher, M. (2021). Effect of green-Mediterranean diet on intrahepatic fat: The DIRECT PLUS randomised controlled trial. Gut."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parra-Vargas, M., Rodriguez-Echevarria, R., and Jimenez-Chillaron, J.C. (2020). Nutritional Approaches for the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Evidence-Based Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123860"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zadeh, S.H., Mansoori, A., and Hosseinzadeh, M. (2020). Relationship between dietary patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1402S","article-title":"Mediterranean diet pyramid: A cultural model for healthy eating","volume":"61","author":"Willett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e505","article-title":"Recommended Dietary Pattern to Achieve Adherence to the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology (AHA\/ACC) Guidelines: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Carson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","article-title":"Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). 5. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42, S46\u2013S60.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S005"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.012","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"59","author":"Ryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0033","article-title":"Liver Fat Is Reduced by an Isoenergetic MUFA Diet in a Controlled Randomized Study in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"35","author":"Bozzetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30076","article-title":"Ad Libitum Mediterranean and Low-Fat Diets Both Significantly Reduce Hepatic Steatosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"68","author":"Properzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30142","article-title":"Ad Libitum Mediterranean or Low-Fat Diets as Treatments for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?","volume":"68","author":"Targher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01223-3","article-title":"The gut microbiome modulates the protective association between a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic disease risk","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28392","article-title":"Diet, weight loss, and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, evidence, and practice","volume":"63","author":"Marchesini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26393","article-title":"Both resistance training and aerobic training reduce hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (the RAED2 randomized trial)","volume":"58","author":"Bacchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep43029","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43029","article-title":"High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Improves Both Hepatic Fat Content and Stiffness in Sedentary Obese Men with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"7","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.023","article-title":"Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Hashida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12809","article-title":"Long-term effect of exercise on improving fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adults: A 1-year follow-up study","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12656","article-title":"PNPLA3 gene polymorphism and response to lifestyle modification in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i27.6318","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Golabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05177-6","article-title":"Exercise and metabolic health: Beyond skeletal muscle","volume":"63","author":"Thyfault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0262-1","article-title":"Exercise and cardiac health: Physiological and molecular insights","volume":"2","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.170","article-title":"Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic disorders: State of the art","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.10.017","article-title":"Complete Resolution of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15080","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.80","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Brunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00361","article-title":"Advances in the Involvement of Gut Microbiota in Pathophysiology of NAFLD","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316307","article-title":"Small metabolites, possible big changes: A microbiota-centered view of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.061","article-title":"Frequency and Outcomes of Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in the United States","volume":"141","author":"Charlton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.023","article-title":"Outcomes of Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100192","article-title":"NAFLD and liver transplantation: Disease burden, current management and future challenges","volume":"2","author":"Burra","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.02.014","article-title":"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Gitto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.09.09","article-title":"Peri-transplant management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in liver transplant candidates","volume":"5","author":"Samji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i14.1491","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver transplantation\u2014Where do we stand?","volume":"24","author":"Mikolasevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.12.007","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of anti-hyperglycaemic drugs in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with or without diabetes: An updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"46","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.520","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin E or Metformin for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents","volume":"305","author":"LaVine","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00366-5","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"18","author":"Francque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, Vitamin E, or Placebo for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060326","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone in Subjects with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"355","author":"Belfort","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1774","article-title":"Long-Term Pioglitazone Treatment for Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"165","author":"Cusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.06.047","article-title":"Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone in Nondiabetic Subjects with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"135","author":"Aithal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.078","article-title":"Rosiglitazone for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: One-Year Results of the Randomized Placebo-Controlled Fatty Liver Improvement With Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial","volume":"135","author":"Ratziu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.9607","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones and Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"177","author":"Musso","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.038","article-title":"Elafibranor, an Agonist of the Peroxisome Proliferator\u2013Activated Receptor\u2013\u03b1 and \u2013\u03b4, Induces Resolution of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Without Fibrosis Worsening","volume":"150","author":"Ratziu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantovani, A., Petracca, G., Beatrice, G., Csermely, A., Lonardo, A., and Targher, G. (2021). Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Metabolism, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020073"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12149","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated liver enzymes: Individual patient data meta-analysis of the LEAD program","volume":"37","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00803-X","article-title":"Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study","volume":"387","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106174","article-title":"Semaglutide for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Trial design and comparison of non-invasive biomarkers","volume":"97","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05265-7","article-title":"Effect of dulaglutide on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD: Randomised controlled trial (D-LIFT trial)","volume":"63","author":"Kuchay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newsome, P.N., Buchholtz, K., Cusi, K., Linder, M., Okanoue, T., Ratziu, V., Sanyal, A.J., Sejling, A.-S., and Harrison, S.A. (2020). A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1530\/ey.18.15.7"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantovani, A., Petracca, G., Csermely, A., Beatrice, G., and Targher, G. (2020). Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Metabolism, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11010022"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, F.D.S., Borges-Canha, M., Von Hafe, M., Neves, J.S., Vale, C., Leite, A.R., Carvalho, D., and Moreira, A.L. (2020). Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on liver parameters and steatosis: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev., e3413.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3413"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.04.061","article-title":"Daily Aspirin Use Associated with Reduced Risk for Fibrosis Progression in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"17","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0379-5","article-title":"Platelet GPIb\u03b1 is a mediator and potential interventional target for NASH and subsequent liver cancer","volume":"25","author":"Malehmir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61933-4","article-title":"Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Loomba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33041-7","article-title":"Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30186-2","article-title":"Novel antisense inhibition of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"5","author":"Loomba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32517-6","article-title":"Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"394","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29477","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cenicriviroc for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.024","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of emricasan in patients with NASH and F1-F3 fibrosis","volume":"72","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.006","article-title":"Simtuzumab Is Ineffective for Patients with Bridging Fibrosis or Compensated Cirrhosis Caused by Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"155","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.027","article-title":"Selonsertib for patients with bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis due to NASH: Results from randomized phase III STELLAR trials","volume":"73","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2019). 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42, S90\u2013S102.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S009"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1531126","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in patients with chronic liver disease: Focus on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Raschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.018","article-title":"Metformin: From Mechanisms of Action to Therapies","volume":"20","author":"Foretz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0242-2","article-title":"Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Foretz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, D.E., Serper, M., John, B.V., Tessiatore, K.M., Lerer, R., Mehta, R., Fox, R., Aytaman, A., Baytarian, M., and Hunt, K. (2020). Effects of Metformin Exposure on Survival in a Large National Cohort of Patients with Diabetes and Cirrhosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.08.026"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15331","article-title":"Long-term metformin use may improve clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis","volume":"50","author":"Vuppalanchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.11.008","article-title":"Meta-analysis: The efficacy of metformin and other anti-hyperglycemic agents in prolonging the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14048","article-title":"Treatment with metformin is associated with a prolonged survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Schulte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.5","article-title":"Anti-Diabetic Medications and the Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"4885","article-title":"Mechanisms of metformin inhibiting cancer invasion and migration","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67528-9","article-title":"Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Dormandy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0079","article-title":"Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients with Stroke and Prediabetes","volume":"76","author":"Spence","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00752","article-title":"A Genetic Score Associates with Pioglitazone Response in Patients with Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"9","author":"Cusi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0104-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0884-3","article-title":"MNew dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist\u2014Saroglitazar in diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Integrated analysis of the real world evidence","volume":"18","author":"Kaul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0007","article-title":"Impact of exenatide on mitochondrial lipid metabolism in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"241","author":"Kalavalapalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30249-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"7","author":"Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsiki, N., Perakakis, N., and Mantzoros, C. (2019). Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Ex quo et quo vadimus?. Metabolism, 98.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.07.009"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30256-6","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Neuen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32590-X","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"393","author":"Zelniker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.07.019","article-title":"Statins: Old drugs as new therapy for liver diseases?","volume":"70","author":"Pose","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.02.013","article-title":"Statins in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronically elevated liver enzymes: A histopathological follow-up study","volume":"47","author":"Ekstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.014","article-title":"An Assessment of Statin Safety by Hepatologists","volume":"97","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61272-X","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: A post-hoc analysis","volume":"376","author":"Athyros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.05.006","article-title":"Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals","volume":"63","author":"Dongiovanni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000845","article-title":"Effects of Statin Use on the Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"116","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000075","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2015-000075","article-title":"Statins, antidiabetic medications and liver histology in patients with diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.02.014","article-title":"The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An Expert Panel Statement","volume":"71","author":"Athyros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12887","article-title":"Ezetimibe for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Nakade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154299","article-title":"Metabolic liver disease in diabetes\u2014From mechanisms to clinical trials","volume":"111","author":"Dewidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-H., Fu, Y., Yang, S.-J., and Chi, C.-C. (2020). Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092769"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela, R., and Videla, L.A. (2020). Impact of the Co-Administration of N-3 Fatty Acids and Olive Oil Components in Preclinical Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Models: A Mechanistic View. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020499"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.08.018","article-title":"Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.008","article-title":"Circulating PCSK9 levels are not associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis and NASH in a high-risk population","volume":"278","author":"Wargny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666181010123127","article-title":"The Role of PCSK9 in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Effect of PCSK9 Inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Theocharidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.25480","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Attenuates the Progression of Rat Hepatic Fibrosis","volume":"121","author":"Jonsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"942","article-title":"Reduction of advanced liver fibrosis by short-term targeted delivery of an angiotensin receptor blocker to hepatic stellate cells in rats","volume":"51","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21638","article-title":"Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker inhibits fibrosis in rat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"45","author":"Hirose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40322-1","article-title":"Connectivity mapping of angiotensin-PPAR interactions involved in the amelioration of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by Telmisartan","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20420","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Yokohama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.942","article-title":"Angiotensin-receptor blockers as therapy for mild-to-moderate hypertension-associated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Georgescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24558","article-title":"Rosiglitazone versus rosiglitazone and metformin versus rosiglitazone and losartan in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in humans: A 12-month randomized, prospective, open-label trial","volume":"54","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175717","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175717","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of losartan as an anti-fibrotic agent in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"12","author":"McPherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05657-9","article-title":"Vitamin E Ameliorates Lipid Metabolism in Mice with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Nrf2\/CES1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, D., Takaki, A., Adachi, T., and Okada, H. (2018). Beneficial and Paradoxical Roles of Anti-Oxidative Nutritional Support for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080977"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.144600","article-title":"Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency Induces Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Knockout Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"328","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.006","article-title":"Impact of obeticholic acid on the lipoprotein profile in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"72","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14209","article-title":"CONTROL: A randomized phase 2 study of obeticholic acid and atorvastatin on lipoproteins in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients","volume":"39","author":"Pockros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1439","article-title":"A Pilot Genome-Wide Analysis Study Identifies Loci Associated with Response to Obeticholic Acid in Patients With NASH","volume":"3","author":"Gawrieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30474-4","article-title":"NGM282 for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"391","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30590","article-title":"NGM282 Improves Liver Fibrosis and Histology in 12 Weeks in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"71","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805768200","article-title":"The Endoplasmic Reticulum Enzyme DGAT2 Is Found in Mitochondria-associated Membranes and Has a Mitochondrial Targeting Signal That Promotes Its Association with Mitochondria","volume":"284","author":"Stone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29544","article-title":"Therapeutic inhibition of inflammatory monocyte recruitment reduces steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Krenkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312431","article-title":"Current and upcoming pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"66","author":"Rotman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12570","article-title":"The pan-caspase inhibitor Emricasan (IDN-6556) decreases liver injury and fibrosis in a murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"35","author":"Barreyro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.034","article-title":"STELLAR 3 and STELLAR 4: Lessons from the fall of Icarus","volume":"73","author":"Rinella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27999","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1569513","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Novel therapeutic target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Suk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15416","article-title":"Review article: Can bugs be drugs? The potential of probiotics and prebiotics as treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Koopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031","article-title":"Synbiotics Alter Fecal Microbiomes, but Not Liver Fat or Fibrosis, in a Randomized Trial of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Scorletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319104","article-title":"Combination therapy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Rationale, opportunities and challenges","volume":"69","author":"Dufour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30252-1","article-title":"A blood-based biomarker panel (NIS4) for non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis: A prospective derivation and global validation study","volume":"5","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/5\/2350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:29:36Z","timestamp":1760160576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/5\/2350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22052350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22052350","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}