{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:57:00Z","timestamp":1786366620182,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mt Ortho srl","award":["Valutazione del potere osteo-induttivo e osteo-conduttivo di uno scaffold (cage) trabecolare in titanio quale nuovo dispositivo di artrodesi cervicale"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Valutazione del potere osteo-induttivo e osteo-conduttivo di uno scaffold (cage) trabecolare in titanio quale nuovo dispositivo di artrodesi cervicale"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusion cages composed of titanium and its alloys are emerging as valuable alternative to standard polyetheretherketone (PEEK) ones routinely used in cervical and lumbar spine surgery. Aim of this study was to evaluate osteo-inductive and osteo-conductive ability of an innovative trabecular titanium (T-Ti) scaffold on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), in both absence and presence of biochemical osteogenic stimuli. Same abilities were assessed on PEEK and standard 2D plastic surface, the latter meant as gold-standard for in vitro differentiation studies. hMSCs adhered and colonized both T-Ti and PEEK scaffolds. In absence of osteogenic factors, T-Ti triggered osteogenic induction of MSCs, as demonstrated by alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition increments, while PEEK and standard 2D did not. Addition of osteogenic stimuli reinforced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs cultured on T-Ti in a significantly higher manner with respect to standard 2D plastic culture surfaces, whereas PEEK almost completely abolished the process. T-Ti driven differentiation towards osteoblasts was confirmed by gene and marker expression analyses, even in absence of osteogenic stimuli. These results clearly indicate superior in vitro osteo-inductive and osteo-conductive capacity of T-Ti compared to PEEK, and make ground for further studies supporting the use of T-Ti cages to improve bone fusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"2379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Superior Osteo-Inductive and Osteo-Conductive Properties of Trabecular Titanium vs. PEEK Scaffolds on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Proof of Concept for the Use of Fusion Cages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0272-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Ragni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all\u2019Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Perucca Orfei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all\u2019Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bidossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"De Vecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natale","family":"Francaviglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochirurgia Funzionale, Istituto Ortopedico Villa Salus, Contrada Spalla, I-96010 Melilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Neurochirurgia, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, Contrada Cubba Marletta 11, I-95045 Misterbianco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Maestretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HFR Fribourg-Universit\u00e9 de Fribourg, CH-1708 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Tartara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Clinico Citt\u00e0 Studi, I-20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9979-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"de Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all\u2019Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. 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