{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:26:26Z","timestamp":1787613986966,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its discovery in 1994, leptin has been considered as an adipokine with pleiotropic effects. In this review, we summarize the actual information about the impact of this hormone on cartilage metabolism and pathology. Leptin signalling depends on the interaction with leptin receptor LEPR, being the long isoform of the receptor (LEPRb) the one with more efficient intracellular signalling. Chondrocytes express the long isoform of the leptin receptor and in these cells, leptin signalling, alone or in combination with other molecules, induces the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and cartilage degenerative enzymes. Leptin has been shown to increase the proliferation and activation of immune cells, increasing the severity of immune degenerative cartilage diseases. Leptin expression in serum and synovial fluid are related to degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Inhibition of leptin signalling showed to have protective effects in these diseases showing the key role of leptin in cartilage degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"2411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["An Update on the Role of Leptin in the Immuno-Metabolism of Cartilage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0827-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cordero-Barreal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8878-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7959-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djedjiga Ait","family":"Eldjoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1715-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousof Ramadan Farrag","family":"AbdElHafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Group, SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2187-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Group, SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The Muscle-Skeletal Pathology Group, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mobasheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90230 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oreste","family":"Gualillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00301-1","article-title":"The chondrocyte","volume":"35","author":"Archer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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