{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:43:15Z","timestamp":1777902195127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early life stress (ELS) is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia in adulthood. To date, biological, behavioral, and structural aspects of ELS have been studied extensively, but their functional effects remain unclear. Here, we examined NeuroPET studies of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic systems in ELS animal models. Maternal separation and restraint stress were used to generate single or complex developmental trauma. Body weights of animals exposed to single trauma were similar to those of control animals; however, animals exposed to complex trauma exhibited loss of body weight when compared to controls. In behavioral tests, the complex developmental trauma group exhibited a decrease in time spent in the open arm of the elevated plus-maze and an increase in immobility time in the forced swim test when compared to control animals. In NeuroPET studies, the complex trauma group displayed a reduction in brain uptake values when compared to single trauma and control groups. Of neurotransmitter systems analyzed, the rate of decrease in brain uptake was the highest in the serotonergic group. Collectively, our results indicate that developmental trauma events induce behavioral deficits, including anxiety- and depressive-like phenotypes and dysfunction in neurotransmitter systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1614748216000},"page":"2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of the Effects of Developmental Trauma on Neurotransmitter Systems Using Functional Molecular Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Namhun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9688-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se-Jong","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jang-Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Drug Development Platform Using Radio-Isotope, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Rok","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Jun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyo-Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June-Seek","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Ho","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry,  Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Yong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea"},{"name":"Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01668","article-title":"Early Life Stress, Physiology, and Genetics: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Fogelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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