{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:20:05Z","timestamp":1793035205201,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["021220CRP0722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021220CRP0722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity around the globe, creating a substantial socio-economic burden as a result. Myocardial infarction is a significant contributor to the detrimental impact of cardiovascular disease. The death of cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction causes an immune response which leads to further destruction of tissue, and subsequently, results in the formation of non-contractile scar tissue. Macrophages have been recognized as important regulators and participants of inflammation and fibrosis following myocardial infarction. Macrophages are generally classified into two distinct groups, namely, classically activated, or M1 macrophages, and alternatively activated, or M2 macrophages. The phenotypic profile of cardiac macrophages, however, is much more diverse and should not be reduced to these two subsets. In this review, we describe the phenotypes and functions of macrophages which are present in the healthy, as well as the infarcted heart, and analyze them with respect to M1 and M2 polarization states. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic strategies which utilize macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory or reparative phenotype for the treatment of myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T12:12:18Z","timestamp":1615205538000},"page":"2715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Macrophage Polarization in Cardiac Tissue Repair Following Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yevgeniy","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5755-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanzhar","family":"Nurakhayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayan","family":"Nurkesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zharylkasyn","family":"Zharkinbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Saparov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.009","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors: 2020 and Beyond","volume":"74","author":"Mensah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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