{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:44:26Z","timestamp":1790502266375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 HD65987 (EALE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 HD65987 (EALE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As most recently demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, congenital and perinatal infections are of significant concern to the pregnant population as compared to the general population. These outcomes can range from no apparent impact all the way to spontaneous abortion or fetal infection with long term developmental consequences. While some pathogens have developed mechanisms to cross the placenta and directly infect the fetus, other pathogens lead to an upregulation in maternal or placental inflammation that can indirectly cause harm. The placenta is a temporary, yet critical organ that serves multiple important functions during gestation including facilitation of fetal nutrition, oxygenation, and prevention of fetal infection in utero. Here, we review trophoblast cell immunology and the molecular mechanisms utilized to protect the fetus from infection. Lastly, we discuss consequences in the placenta when these protections fail and the histopathologic result following infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T22:13:10Z","timestamp":1615759990000},"page":"2921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Placental Immune Responses to Viruses: Molecular and Histo-Pathologic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavita","family":"Narang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H.","family":"Cheek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Ann L.","family":"Enninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regan N.","family":"Theiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"TORCH Infections. 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