{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:31:01Z","timestamp":1791945061313,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Partenariat Hubert Curien Campus France","award":["PHC Cai Yuanpei Project N\u00b0 32065TD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHC Cai Yuanpei Project N\u00b0 32065TD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is suspected to induce atherosclerosis plaque calcification. TNAP, during physiological mineralization, hydrolyzes the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Since atherosclerosis plaques are characterized by the presence of necrotic cells that probably release supraphysiological concentrations of ATP, we explored whether this extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolyzed into the mineralization inhibitor PPi or the mineralization stimulator inorganic phosphate (Pi), and whether TNAP is involved. (2) Methods: Murine aortic smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS cells) were transdifferentiated into chondrocyte-like cells in calcifying medium, containing ascorbic acid and \u03b2-glycerophosphate. ATP hydrolysis rates were determined in extracellular medium extracted from MOVAS cultures during their transdifferentiation, using 31P-NMR and IR spectroscopy. (3) Results: ATP and PPi hydrolysis by MOVAS cells increased during transdifferentiation. ATP hydrolysis was sequential, yielding adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine without any detectable PPi. The addition of levamisole partially inhibited ATP hydrolysis, indicating that TNAP and other types of ectonucleoside triphoshatediphosphohydrolases contributed to ATP hydrolysis. (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that high ATP levels released by cells in proximity to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis plaques generate Pi and not PPi, which may exacerbate plaque calcification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T22:13:10Z","timestamp":1615759990000},"page":"2948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Hydrolysis of Extracellular ATP by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Transdifferentiated into Chondrocytes Generates Pi but Not PPi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7966-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene","family":"Buchet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Tribes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentine","family":"Rouaix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastien","family":"Doum\u00e8che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8176-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Magne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saida","family":"Mebarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.488916","article-title":"Coronary Calcification Improves Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in the Elderly","volume":"112","author":"Vliegenthart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307971","article-title":"Noninvasive Molecular Imaging of Disease Activity in Atherosclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Dweck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. 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