{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:22:35Z","timestamp":1773282155408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality across the world, with no current effective treatments available. Recent studies suggest the possibility of a cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-19, similar to the biochemical profile seen in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), raising the question of possible benefits that could be derived from targeted immunosuppression in severe COVID-19 patients. We reviewed the literature regarding the diagnosis and features of HLH, particularly secondary HLH, and aimed to identify gaps in the literature to truly clarify the existence of a COVID-19 associated HLH. Diagnostic criteria such as HScore or HLH-2004 may have suboptimal performance in identifying COVID-19 HLH-like presentations, and criteria such as soluble CD163, NK cell activity, or other novel biomarkers may be more useful in identifying this entity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T11:38:58Z","timestamp":1615808338000},"page":"2967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Do COVID-19 Infections Result in a Different Form of Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 7W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"van Eeden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0456-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sneha","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of IHOPE, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4963-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy I.","family":"Sligl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Willem","family":"Cohen Tervaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S46255","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Review of etiologies and management","volume":"5","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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