{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:33:03Z","timestamp":1782300783477,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI135049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI135049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08AI141691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08AI141691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002567","name":"American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) Foundation Career Development Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) Foundation Career Development Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanisms of pathogenesis driving alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) are not fully understood. Differences in immune gene expression between AGS individuals and non-allergic controls may illuminate molecular pathways and targets critical for AGS development. We performed immune expression profiling with RNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of seven controls, 15 AGS participants, and two participants sensitized but not allergic to alpha-gal using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer immune profiling panel, which includes 770 genes from 14 different cell types. The top differentially expressed genes (DEG) between AGS subjects and controls included transcription factors regulating immune gene expression, such as the NF\u03baB pathway (NFKBIA, NFKB2, REL), antigen presentation molecules, type 2\/allergic immune responses, itch, and allergic dermatitis. The differential expression of genes linked to T and B cell function was also identified, including transcription factor BCL-6, markers of antigen experience (CD44) and memory (CD27), chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CXCR6), and regulators of B-cell proliferation, cell cycle entry and immunoglobulin production (CD70). The PBMCs from AGS subjects also had increased TNF and IFN-gamma mRNA expression compared to controls. AGS is associated with a distinct gene expression profile in circulating PBMCs. DEGs related to antigen presentation, antigen-experienced T-cells, and type 2 immune responses may promote the development of alpha-gal specific IgE and the maintenance of AGS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1616364037000},"page":"3185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["T and B Lymphocyte Transcriptional States Differentiate between Sensitized and Unsensitized Individuals in Alpha-Gal Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onyinye I.","family":"Iweala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh K.","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire T.","family":"Addison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott P.","family":"Commins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.01.047","article-title":"On the cause and consequences of IgE to galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose: A report from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Workshop on Understanding IgE-Mediated Mammalian Meat Allergy","volume":"145","author":"Commins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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