{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:12:09Z","timestamp":1773907929415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005866","name":"Far Eastern Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEMH-2020-C-002; FEMH-109-2314-B-418-007; FEMH-109-2314-B-418-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEMH-2020-C-002; FEMH-109-2314-B-418-007; FEMH-109-2314-B-418-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endoglin (CD105) is a type-1 integral transmembrane glycoprotein and coreceptor for transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) ligands. The endoglin\/TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway regulates hemostasis, cell proliferation\/migration, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis contributes to early progression, invasion, postoperative recurrence, and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most widespread malignancies globally. Endoglin is overexpressed in newly formed HCC microvessels. It increases microvessel density in cirrhotic and regenerative HCC nodules. In addition, circulating endoglin is present in HCC patients, suggesting potential for use as a diagnostic or prognostic factor. HCC angiogenesis is dynamic and endoglin expression varies by stage. TRC105 (carotuximab) is an antibody against endoglin, and three of its clinical trials were related to liver diseases. A partial response was achieved when combining TRC105 with sorafenib. Although antiangiogenic therapy still carries some risks, combination therapy with endoglin inhibitors or other targeted therapies holds promise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T11:13:26Z","timestamp":1616411606000},"page":"3208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Role of Endoglin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kuo-Shyang","family":"Jeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Shyan","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Sheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuen-Miin","family":"Leu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiung-Fang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05537-2","article-title":"Disease Burden of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global Perspective","volume":"64","author":"Sayiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. 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