{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:19:07Z","timestamp":1783635547692,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-037-081-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-037-081-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-037-072-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-037-072-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a physiologic vessel crucial for fetal circulation. As a major regulating factor, the prostaglandin pathway has long been the target for DA patency maintenance or closure. However, the adverse effect of prostaglandins and their inhibitors has been a major unsolved clinical problem. Furthermore, a significant portion of patients with patent DA fail to respond to cyclooxygenase inhibitors that target the prostaglandin pathway. These unresponsive medical patients ultimately require surgical intervention and highlight the importance of exploring pathways independent from this well-recognized prostaglandin pathway. The clinical limitations of prostaglandin-targeting therapeutics prompted us to investigate molecules beyond the prostaglandin pathway. Thus, this article introduces molecules independent from the prostaglandin pathway based on their correlating mechanisms contributing to vascular remodeling. These molecules may serve as potential targets for future DA patency clinical management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T12:55:07Z","timestamp":1616417707000},"page":"3238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Remodeling of Ductus Arteriosus: Looking beyond the Prostaglandin Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ho-Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jwu-Lai","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hau","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.08.006","article-title":"Birth defects in Taiwan: A 10-year nationwide population-based, cohort study","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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