{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:48:25Z","timestamp":1790664505384,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011111","name":"Nofima","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["194050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to compare the effects of commercially available (C) and green synthesized (GS) Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus. GS ZnO-NPs were generated using Thymus pubescent and characterized by UV\u2013vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fish (n = 150) were randomly allocated into five groups in triplicate and received a waterborne concentration of 0% (control), 25%, and 50% of LC50 96 h of commercially available (C1 and C2) and green synthesized ZnO-NPs (GS1 and GS2) for 21 days. Results from XRD displayed ZnO-NPs with 58 nm in size and UV-vis DRS, EDX, and FT-IR analysis showed that some functional groups from plant extract bonded to the surface of NPs. The SEM images showed that ZnO-NPs have conical morphology. Acute toxicity study showed a higher dose of LC5096h for green synthesized ZnO-NPs (78.9 mg.L\u22121) compared to the commercial source (59.95 mg.L\u22121). The highest activity of lysozyme and alternative complement activity (ACH50) were found in control and GS1 groups. A significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was found in C1 and C2 groups compared to other treatments. Protease activity (P) was significantly decreased in the C2 group compared to the control and GS groups. Total immunoglobulin (total Ig) content was the highest in the control. In addition, total Ig in the GS1 group was higher than GS2. The exposure to ZnO-NPs lowered total protein content in all experimental groups when compared to control. Present findings revealed lower induced immunosuppressive effects by green synthesized ZnO-NPs on key parameters of fish skin mucus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T14:08:16Z","timestamp":1616508496000},"page":"3270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Chemically and Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Alter Key Immunological Molecules in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Skin Mucus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0534-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Rashidian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 4641776489, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo C.","family":"Lazado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba H.","family":"Mahboub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Mohammadi-Aloucheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Tehran Branch, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1469696191, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3555-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko D.","family":"Proki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend S.","family":"Nada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Faggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 S Agata-Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1021\/j100276a014","article-title":"Picosecond resonance Raman scattering study of methylviologen reduction on the surface of photoexcited colloidal CdS crystallites","volume":"90","author":"Rossetti","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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