{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T22:45:03Z","timestamp":1779921903801,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins to the complexes of the electron transport chain, (ii) mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions, and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), (iii) membrane potential, (iv) apoptotic regulation, (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with great impact on children\u2019s quality of life, even resulting in death. As such, bacterial agents are frequently associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release, ultimately leading to mitochondrial apoptosis by activation of caspases-3 and -9. Using Rayyan QCRI software for systematic reviews, we explore the association between mitochondrial alterations and pediatric infections including (i) bacterial: M. tuberculosis, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and (ii) parasitic: P. falciparum. We analyze how these pediatric infections and their treatments may lead to mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with the intention of improving both the understanding of these diseases and their management in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T14:08:16Z","timestamp":1616508496000},"page":"3272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Mitocentric View of the Main Bacterial and Parasitic Infectious Diseases in the Pediatric Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Romero-Cordero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Pompeu Fabra University and Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08002 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Noguera-Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamat\u00f2ria Sist\u00e8mica en Pediatria, Unitat d\u2019Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pedi\u00e0trica Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Translacional en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Cardellach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona (HCB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e0udia","family":"Fortuny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamat\u00f2ria Sist\u00e8mica en Pediatria, Unitat d\u2019Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pedi\u00e0trica Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Translacional en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanza","family":"Mor\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona (HCB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). MCEE-WHO Methods and Data Sources for Child Causes of Death 2000\u20132017, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506131","article-title":"Mitochondrial disorders in children: Toward development of small-molecule treatment strategies","volume":"8","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mor\u00e9n, C. (2012). Mitochondrial Funcionalism in HIV-Infected Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Barcelona]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.06.002","article-title":"Organelle dynamics and viral infections: At cross roads","volume":"21","author":"Glingston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Scheffler, I.E. (2017). Mitochondria, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Margulis, L. (1970). Origin of Eukaryotic Cells: Evidence and Research Implications for a Theory of the Origin and Evolution of Microbial, Plant and Animal Cells on the Precambrian Earth, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300262","article-title":"Cell Biology of the Mitochondrion","volume":"207","author":"Sedensky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2016.07.003","article-title":"The rise of mitochondria in medicine","volume":"30","author":"Picard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738794","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/738794","article-title":"Viruses as modulators of mitochondrial functions","volume":"2013","author":"Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802395-2.00010-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial diseases","volume":"145","author":"Molnar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.12.025","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders in childhood: Insights into diagnosis and management in the new era of genomic medicine","volume":"1840","author":"Menezes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.03.007","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid lactate: A differential biomarker for bacterial and viral meningitis in children","volume":"94","author":"Nazir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics Vers\u00e3o Port."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1159\/000485089","article-title":"Antioxidants maintain cellular redox homeostasis by elimination of reactive oxygen species","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.09.005","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria: A nexus of cellular homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Dunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3412\/jsb.70.339","article-title":"Host defense and oxidative stress signaling in bacterial infection","volume":"70","author":"Akaike","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.10.017","article-title":"Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondria\u2014Specificity in membrane targeting for death","volume":"1813","author":"Lindsay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Caspase recruitment domains for protein interactions in cellular signaling","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8489-0","article-title":"Death effector domain-containing proteins","volume":"66","author":"Valmiki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2475-x","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria: How intravacuolar bacterial pathogens manipulate mitochondria","volume":"367","author":"Fielden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2013.10.005","article-title":"Side effects of antibiotics during bacterial infection: Mitochondria, the main target in host cell","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, February 10). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019\u20132019. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000171","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Ecology and evolution of a human bacterium","volume":"64","author":"Banuls","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.06.001","article-title":"Assuming the role of mitochondria in mycobacterial infection","volume":"5","author":"Dubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"CDC (2021, February 10). Tuberculosis: Signs & Symptoms, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/topic\/basics\/signsandsymptoms.htm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2017.10.015","article-title":"Pathogenesis of tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis","volume":"36","author":"Cardona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2003.01318.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence correlates with mitochondrial cytochrome c release in infected macrophages","volume":"58","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1086\/515397","article-title":"The detection of airborne transmission of tuberculosis from HIV-infected patients, using an in vivo air sampling model","volume":"44","author":"Escombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100823","article-title":"Human lung hydrolases delineate Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interactions and the capacity to control infection","volume":"187","author":"Arcos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storla, D.G., Yimer, S., and Bjune, G.A. (2008). A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-15"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"701","article-title":"Strategies Used by Bacteria to Grow in Macrophages","volume":"4","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.042","article-title":"NAD(+) Depletion Triggers Macrophage Necroptosis, a Cell Death Pathway Exploited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Pajuelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2002.01091.x","article-title":"The M. tuberculosis antigen 85 complex and mycolyltransferase activity","volume":"34","author":"Kremer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0954-6111(95)90098-5","article-title":"The time-table of tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Grange","year":"1995","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heemskerk, D.C.M., Marais, B., and Farrar, J. (2015). Tuberculosis in Adults and Children, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19132-4"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"61","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: Are statistical reports accurate?","volume":"2","author":"Kulchavenya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0037-2016","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Infants and Children","volume":"5","author":"Lamb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.03.012","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) complications associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases","volume":"64","author":"Norouzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S1-S5","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in children","volume":"14","author":"Venturini","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31828d9aa4","article-title":"Impact of the antiretroviral treatment program on the burden of hospitalization for culture-confirmed tuberculosis in South African children: A time-series analysis","volume":"32","author":"Dangor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar4135","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aar4135","article-title":"Mitochondrial cyclophilin D regulates T cell metabolic responses and disease tolerance to tuberculosis","volume":"3","author":"Tzelepis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.5181","article-title":"Critical role of mitochondrial damage in determining outcome of macrophage infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"169","author":"Duan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.6.3707","article-title":"A mechanism of virulence: Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv, but not attenuated H37Ra, causes significant mitochondrial inner membrane disruption in macrophages leading to necrosis","volume":"176","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01328","article-title":"Characterizing virulence-specific perturbations in the mitochondrial function of macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"3","author":"Jamwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10549","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on lymphocyte homeostasis in patients diagnosed with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"40","author":"Bhargava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950503","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/950503","article-title":"The 19 kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein (LpqH) induces macrophage apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways: A role for the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor","volume":"2012","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"481","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cpn60.2 (GroEL2) blocks macrophage apoptosis via interaction with mitochondrial mortalin","volume":"6","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00892.x","article-title":"The ESAT6 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces apoptosis of macrophages by activating caspase expression","volume":"9","author":"Derrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39169","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39169","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces decelerated bioenergetic metabolism in human macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Cumming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Centers for Disease, Control and Prevention (2020, May 20). Treatment for TB Disease 2016, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/topic\/treatment\/tbdisease.htm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2017.1281098","article-title":"Isoniazid: A Review of Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods","volume":"47","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.04.017","article-title":"New lipophilic isoniazid derivatives and their 1,3,4-oxadiazole analogues: Synthesis, antimycobacterial activity and investigation of their mechanism of action","volume":"151","author":"Vosatka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"75","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Current understanding and future perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2429-5","article-title":"Study of streptomycin-induced ototoxicity: Protocol for a longitudinal study","volume":"5","author":"Adeyemo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"425","article-title":"Isoniazid-induced visual hallucinosis","volume":"35","author":"Maalej","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14359","article-title":"Barriers to the implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in children in endemic settings: A review","volume":"55","author":"Grace","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2019.09.004","article-title":"Phenotypic isoniazid resistance and associated mutations in pediatric tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Jhanjhria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2008). Rifampin. Tuberculosis Edinb., 88, 151\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(08)70024-6"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714284","article-title":"Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children","volume":"379","author":"Diallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001721","article-title":"Better Completion of Pediatric Latent Tuberculosis Treatment Using 4 Months of Rifampin in a US-based Tuberculosis Clinic","volume":"37","author":"Gaensbauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.01.065","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel ethambutol analogues","volume":"18","author":"Yendapally","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). Wikipedia\u2014La Enciclopedia Libre. Etambutol 2019. Available online: https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etambutol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2008). Ethambutol. Tuberculosis Edinb., 88, 102\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(08)70008-8"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.11.006","article-title":"Ethambutol-induced toxicity is mediated by zinc and lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cultured retinal cells","volume":"235","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050223","article-title":"A case of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy harbouring the primary mitochondrial LHON mutation at nt 11778","volume":"245","author":"Dotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"190","article-title":"Ethambutol is toxic to retinal ganglion cells via an excitotoxic pathway","volume":"40","author":"Heng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.11.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial optic neuropathies\u2014Disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2009.11.004","article-title":"Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy linked to OPA1 mutation and mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"10","author":"Guillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"12","article-title":"Should ethambutol be recommended for routine treatment of tuberculosis in children? A review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Trebucq","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Ethambutol dosage for the treatment of children: Literature review and recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Donald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). Wikipedia\u2014La Enciclopedia Libre. Pirazinamida. Available online: https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirazinamida."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7347","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01693-16","article-title":"Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Deficiency Provokes Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis-Mediated Hepatotoxicity Induced by Pyrazinamide in Zebrafish Larvae","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"133","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide in children suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"3","author":"Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Pyrazinamide serum levels in childhood tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Thee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"611","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide in children with primary progressive disease of lungs","volume":"128","author":"Arya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.747952","article-title":"Update on rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine drug interactions","volume":"29","author":"Baciewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). Wikipedia\u2014La Enciclopedia Libre. Rifapentina. 2019. Available online: https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rifapentina."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pit077","article-title":"Rifapentine Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability in Children and Adults Treated Once Weekly with Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"3","author":"Weiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3158","article-title":"Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: A randomized clinical trial of a 3-month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid","volume":"169","author":"Villarino","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000214963.55217.9c","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in children","volume":"25","author":"Blake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.034","article-title":"Antibiotic drug levofloxacin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage","volume":"84","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.02.072","article-title":"Repositioning of antibiotic levofloxacin as a mitochondrial biogenesis inhibitor to target breast cancer","volume":"471","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"684","article-title":"The effect of moxifloxacin on apoptosis of airway smooth muscle cells and mitochondria membrane potential","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2015.07.002","article-title":"How to manage children who have come into contact with patients affected by tuberculosis","volume":"1","author":"Lancella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Tuberc. Other. Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1335305","article-title":"Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis: The thin line between bacterial and mitochondrial ribosomes","volume":"16","author":"Santini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1086\/501356","article-title":"Linezolid-induced inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis","volume":"42","author":"Coster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3622","article-title":"Infecciones por enterobacterias","volume":"7","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Isselbacher, K.J.B.E., Wilson, J.D., Petersdorf, R.G., Martin, J.B., Fauci, A.J., and Root, R.K. (1994). Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli. Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00015-13","article-title":"Salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars","volume":"77","author":"Foley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). Ecured. Enterobacter Cloacae. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecured.cu\/Enterobacter_cloacae."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"144","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of ESBL producing Enterobacter cloacae among children","volume":"29","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.111","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Enterobacter cloacae induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells through the activation of p53 and mitochondrial intrinsic pathway","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"161","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in childhood","volume":"22","author":"Cavagnaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Chilena Infectol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7022","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7022-7032.2002","article-title":"Pathological and therapeutic significance of cellular invasion by Proteus mirabilis in an enterocystoplasty infection stone model","volume":"70","author":"Mathoera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00421.x","article-title":"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspF is targeted to mitochondria and is required to initiate the mitochondrial death pathway","volume":"6","author":"Nougayrede","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, May 20). Salmonella no Tifoidea 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effect of the low intensity laser rays on the functional state of monocytes in early aged children with salmonellosis infection","volume":"4","author":"Ahmadova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Azerbaijan Med J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.04.020","article-title":"Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus during human colonization and infection","volume":"21","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.169","article-title":"Functional assignment for essential hypothetical proteins of Staphylococcus aureus N315","volume":"108","author":"Prava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Cervantes-Garc\u00eda, E., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., and Salazar-Schettino, P.M. (2021, February 10). Caracter\u00edsticas Generales del Staphylococcus aureus Patolog\u00eda C\u00ednica. Patolog\u00eda de Laboratorio 2014. Available online: https:\/\/www.medigraphic.com\/pdfs\/patol\/pt-2014\/pt141e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1179583","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: The current state of disease, pathophysiology and strategies for prevention","volume":"15","author":"Dayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Socorro Zendejas-Manzo, G., Avalos-Flores, H., and Soto-Padilla, M.Y. (2021, February 10). Microbiolog\u00eda General de Staphylococcus aureus: Generalidades, Patogenicidad y M\u00e9todos de Identificaci\u00f3n 2014. Available online: https:\/\/www.medigraphic.com\/pdfs\/revbio\/bio-2014\/bio143d.pdf."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12233","article-title":"Cytoplasmic replication of Staphylococcus aureus upon phagosomal escape triggered by phenol-soluble modulin alpha","volume":"16","author":"Grosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02235-10","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factor analysis for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in children attending child care centers","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.180935","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Children of Rural Areas of The Gambia, 2008\u20132015","volume":"25","author":"Odutola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uehara, Y., Sasaki, T., Baba, T., Lu, Y., Imajo, E., Sato, Y., Tanno, S., Furuichi, M., Kawada, M., and Hiramatsu, K. (2019). Regional outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST834 in Japanese children. BMC Infect Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3646-z"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16034","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2016.34","article-title":"Mitochondria mediates caspase-dependent and independent retinal cell death in Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16597","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02454","article-title":"Understanding Reaction Kinetics by Tailoring Metal Co-catalysts of the BiVO4 Photocatalyst","volume":"4","author":"Choe","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2590-2597.2004","article-title":"Caspase-8 activation precedes alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential during monocyte apoptosis induced by phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"72","author":"Weglarczyk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.02.048","article-title":"E3 ligase subunit Fbxo15 and PINK1 kinase regulate cardiolipin synthase 1 stability and mitochondrial function in pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22684","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin directly targets mitochondria and induces Bax-independent apoptosis of human neutrophils","volume":"115","author":"Genestier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00055-13","article-title":"The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"78","author":"Alonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00043","article-title":"Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus: Live-in and let die","volume":"2","author":"Fraunholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48109","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201948109","article-title":"Caspase-11 counteracts mitochondrial ROS-mediated clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz030","article-title":"Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections: Evidence based on human immunity, genetics and bacterial evasion mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450117666161128123536","article-title":"Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus for Vaccine and Therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakhundi, S., and Zhang, K. (2018). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 31.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-18"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00120-16","article-title":"The Role of Antibiotics in Modulating Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"30","author":"Hodille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00416","article-title":"Gentamicin Affects the Bioenergetics of Isolated Mitochondria and Collapses the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cochlear Sensory Hair Cells","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, R.L., and Jiang, X.P. (2019). The adverse effect of gentamicin on cell metabolism in three cultured mammary cell lines: \u201cAre cell culture data skewed?\u201d. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214586"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, P., Teng, J., Zou, J., Fang, Y., Jiang, S., Yu, X., Kriegel, A.J., Liang, M., and Ding, X. (2013). Intermittent exposure to xenon protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064329"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3533-z","article-title":"Aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity in children","volume":"32","author":"McWilliam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01190-06","article-title":"Reversible inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis during linezolid-related hyperlactatemia","volume":"51","author":"Garrabou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1086\/430441","article-title":"Does linezolid cause lactic acidosis by inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis?","volume":"40","author":"Palenzuela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182186035","article-title":"Linezolid and lactic acidosis: A role for lactate monitoring with long-term linezolid use in children","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2015.11929310","article-title":"A triad of linezolid toxicity: Hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and acute pancreatitis","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Vademecum (2021, February 10). Doxiciclina Madrid. Available online: https:\/\/www.vademecum.es\/principios-activos-doxiciclina-J01AA02."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.903245","article-title":"Induction of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage by Antibiotic Drug Doxycycline Enhances the Responsiveness of Glioblastoma to Chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luger, A.L., Sauer, B., Lorenz, N.I., Engel, A.L., Braun, Y., Voss, M., Harter, P.N., Steinbach, J.P., and Ronellenfitsch, M.W. (2018). Doxycycline Impairs Mitochondrial Function and Protects Human Glioma Cells from Hypoxia-Induced Cell Death: Implications of Using Tet-Inducible Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051504"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, E.J., Wu, H., Melloni, C., Balevic, S., Sullivan, J.E., Laughon, M., Clark, K.M., Kalra, R., Mendley, S., and Payne, E.H. (2019). Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline in Children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 63.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01508-19"},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Vademecum (2020, May 20). Tigeciclina 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.vademecum.es\/medicamento-tigeciclina%20mylan_48058."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Abbas, M.N., Kausar, S., Yang, J., Li, L., Tan, L., and Cui, H. (2019). Biological Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Tigecycline in the Treatment of Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143577"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29938-x","article-title":"Tigecycline as a dual inhibitor of retinoblastoma and angiogenesis via inducing mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative damage","volume":"8","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Vademecum (2020, May 20). Vancomicina. Available online: https:\/\/www.vademecum.es\/principios-activos-vancomicina-J01XA01."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Ehrenreich, H., and Spaepen, F. (2013). Glycopeptide Antibiotics. Advances in Research and Application, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000991","article-title":"Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Children: Evidence for Reverse Vancomycin Creep and Impact of Vancomycin Trough Values on Outcome","volume":"35","author":"McNeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1331","article-title":"The effect of age and weight on vancomycin serum trough concentrations in pediatric patients","volume":"33","author":"Madigan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29673","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226130","article-title":"One-Electron Reduction of Penicillins in Relation to the Oxidative Stress Phenomenon","volume":"16","author":"Szabo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192ra85","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006055","article-title":"Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Kalghatgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001076","article-title":"Clinical Experience with Daptomycin for the Treatment of Gram-positive Infections in Children and Adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Syriopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-161OC","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis restores oxidative metabolism during Staphylococcus aureus sepsis","volume":"176","author":"Haden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Stanford Children\u2019s Health (2020, May 20). Meningitis en Ni\u00f1os. Available online: https:\/\/www.stanfordchildrens.org\/es\/topic\/default?id=meningitis-en-nios-90-P05638."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Medline (2020, May 20). Meningitis, Available online: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/spanish\/meningitis.html."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Roca Goderich, R. (2002). Meningitis. Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central, ECIMED."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00114","article-title":"Metabolism and virulence in Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"4","author":"Schoen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-346-2_1","article-title":"Neisseria meningitidis: Biology, microbiology, and epidemiology","volume":"799","author":"Rouphael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61016-2","article-title":"Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"369","author":"Stephens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"237","article-title":"Meningococcal disease: Changes in epidemiology and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Plus, M. (2020, May 20). Meningitis Neumoc\u00f3cica 2020, Available online: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/spanish\/ency\/article\/000607.htm#:~:text=La%20meningitis%20neumoc%C3%B3cica%20es%20causada,ni%C3%B1os%20mayores%20de%202%20a%C3%B1os."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.51.2.221-271.1987","article-title":"Bacterial evolution","volume":"51","author":"Woese","year":"1987","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01402.x","article-title":"Competence increases survival during stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"65","author":"Engelmoer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00256","article-title":"Biological Functions of the Secretome of Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"7","author":"Tommassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441607","article-title":"Childhood bacterial meningitis: Initial symptoms and signs related to age, and reasons for consulting a physician","volume":"146","author":"Valmari","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06771.x","article-title":"Chronic meningococcaemia: A forgotten meningococcal disease","volume":"153","author":"Harwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"E121","article-title":"Meningococcal disease in childhood: Epidemiology, clinical features and prevention","volume":"56","author":"Bosis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, I., Del Tordello, E., Gasperini, G., Pezzicoli, A., Di Fede, M., Rossi Paccani, S., Marchi, S., Mubaiwa, T.D., Hartley-Tassell, L.E., and Jennings, M.P. (2016). Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA) Contributes to the Adhesion of Neisseria meningitidis to Human Epithelial Cells. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162878"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0621","article-title":"Pneumococcal meningitis in children: Epidemiology, serotypes, and outcomes from 1997\u20132010 in Utah","volume":"132","author":"Stockmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"INSST (2020, May 20). Streptococcus Pneumoniae 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.insst.es\/documents\/94886\/353165\/Streptococcus+pneumoniae+-+A%C3%B1o+2019.pdf\/93020441\u2013818d-4981-b2a6-a38336430e49."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13693-8","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in children","volume":"361","author":"McCracken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Correa, J., G\u00f3mez, J., and Posada, R. (2020, May 20). Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Serotipos 6, 9, 14, 18 y 23) Ni\u00f1os: Fundamentos de. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.es\/books?id=cpfGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1083&lpg=PT1083&dq=Streptococcus+pneumoniae+(serotipos+6,+9,+14,+18+y+23)+ni%C3%B1os&source=bl&ots=EcgOVi1KAq&sig=ACfU3U0zL43-vDONM_LjL-8pr1r75x_aSw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju6ueIhpDqAhW0D2MBHUT3AyMQ6AEwBHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Streptococcus%20pneumoniae%20(serotipos%206%2C%209%2C%2014%2C%2018%20y%2023)%20ni%C3%B1os&f=false."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1086\/425368","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis","volume":"39","author":"Tunkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.03.006","article-title":"Current methods for capsular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"113","author":"Jauneikaite","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., and Plorde, J.W.D. (2018). Sherris Medical Microbiology, McGraw-Hill. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Servicio Madrile\u00f1o de Salud (2020, May 20). Protocolo de Actuaci\u00f3n Frente a Enfermedad Meningoc\u00f3cica. Red de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica. Available online: http:\/\/www.madrid.org\/cs\/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadername2=cadena&blobheadervalue1=filename%3DEnfermedad+Meningococica.pdf&blobheadervalue2=language%3Des%26site%3DPortalSalud&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1352862630691&ssbinary=true."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.1087","article-title":"Three-year multicenter surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis in children: Clinical characteristics, and outcome related to penicillin susceptibility and dexamethasone use","volume":"102","author":"Arditi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12035","article-title":"Pneumococcal pneumolysin and H(2)O(2) mediate brain cell apoptosis during meningitis","volume":"109","author":"Braun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughran, A.J., Orihuela, C.J., and Tuomanen, E.I. (2019). Streptococcus pneumoniae: Invasion and Inflammation. Microbiol. Spectr., 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0004-2018"},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Vademecum (2020, May 20). Ampicilina. Available online: https:\/\/www.vademecum.es\/principios-activos-ampicilina-J01CA01."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.11.001","article-title":"50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Ampicillin in the Treatment of Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae: An Appraisal after 6 Years of Experience","volume":"208","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.11.052","article-title":"50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Relapse of Hemophilus influenzae Type b Meningitis during Intravenous Therapy with Ampicillin","volume":"208","author":"Toltzis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Vademecum (2021, February 10). Cefotaxima. Available online: https:\/\/www.vademecum.es\/principios-activos-cefotaxima-j01dd01."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1797.2003.00149.x","article-title":"Antibiotics induce apoptosis of human peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Carlton"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.9.1888","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal activity against cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with meningitis treated with high-dosage cefotaxime","volume":"41","author":"Friedland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Vademecum (2021, February 10). Cefalosporina 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.vademecum.es\/principios-activos-ceftriaxona-J01DD04."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280601178218","article-title":"Ceftriaxone protects against the neurotoxicity of human immunodeficiency virus proteins","volume":"13","author":"Rumbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74770","article-title":"Purkinje neuron Ca2+ influx reduction rescues ataxia in SCA28 model","volume":"125","author":"Maltecca","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016273","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016273","article-title":"Safety of ceftriaxone in paediatrics: A systematic review protocol","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Merino, E., Solis, J., Solera, J., and Mateos, F. (2020, May 20). Protocolo de Diagn\u00f3stico y Tratamiento de la Meningitis Aguda: Servicio de Medicina Interna. Available online: https:\/\/www.chospab.es\/area_medica\/medicinainterna\/PROTOCOLOS\/meningitis.htm."},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, May 20). Meningitis Meningoc\u00f3cica 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/meningococcal-meningitis."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, May 20). WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System 2019. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/globalsummary\/schedules."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.059840-0","article-title":"Pathophysiology of neonatal acute bacterial meningitis","volume":"62","author":"Barichello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02874171","article-title":"Nitric oxide production during bacterial and viral meningitis in children","volume":"30","author":"Trebusiewicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Miyazaki, Y., Inaoka, D.K., Hartuti, E.D., Watanabe, Y.I., Shiba, T., Harada, S., Saimoto, H., Burrows, J.N., and Benito, F.J.G. (2019). Identification of Plasmodium falciparum Mitochondrial Malate: Quinone Oxidoreductase Inhibitors from the Pathogen Box. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10060471"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1841-1851.2006","article-title":"Functional characterization and target validation of alternative complex I of Plasmodium falciparum mitochondria","volume":"50","author":"Biagini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.09.004","article-title":"Of malaria, metabolism and membrane transport","volume":"20","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025569","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025569","article-title":"Malaria Pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Milner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2009.10.001","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"30","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Lab Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90002-9","article-title":"Mitochondria as the site of action of tetracycline on Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"34","author":"Kiatfuengfoo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Infosalus (2020, May 20). 10 Datos Sobre la Malaria 2015 [25\/05\/2020]. Available online: https:\/\/m.infosalus.com\/salud-investigacion\/noticia-10-datos-malaria-20170425151150.html."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). Malaria: Resumen Pr\u00e1ctico para la Consulta del Pediatra.: AEPAP 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.aepap.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documento\/archivos-adjuntos\/malaria.pdf."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2013.01.005","article-title":"Diversity of parasite complex II","volume":"1827","author":"Harada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2009.08.004","article-title":"Identification of mitochondrial Complex II subunits SDH3 and SDH4 and ATP synthase subunits a and b in Plasmodium spp.","volume":"9","author":"Mogi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvs058","article-title":"Critical roles of the mitochondrial complex II in oocyst formation of rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei","volume":"152","author":"Hino","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, May 20). Paludismo 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/facts-in-pictures\/detail\/10-datos-sobre-el-paludismo."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Viajarseguro.org (2020, May 20). Malaria en Ni\u00f1os. Available online: http:\/\/fundacionio.org\/viajar\/enfermedades\/malaria\/malaria%20kids.html."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2618-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial gene sequence variants in children with severe malaria anaemia with or without lactic acidosis: A case control study","volume":"17","author":"Fowler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.055","article-title":"The blood transcriptome of childhood malaria","volume":"40","author":"Boldt","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Vademecum (2021, February 10). Quinina [cited]. Available online: https:\/\/www.iqb.es\/cbasicas\/farma\/farma04\/q004.htm."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.9.2395-2398.2000","article-title":"Therapeutic responses to quinine and clindamycin in multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria","volume":"44","author":"Pukrittayakamee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Huang, L., Li, J., Fan, Q., Long, Y., Li, Y., and Zhou, B. (2010). Artemisinin directly targets malarial mitochondria through its specific mitochondrial activation. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009582"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraldo, C., and Trujillo, S. (2021, February 10). Mefloquina: Revisi\u00f3n de Tema Medellin: Revista Medica Universidad de Antioquia 2003. Available online: http:\/\/www.scielo.org.co\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121\u201307932003000100003.","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.iatreia.3970"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"124.e1","article-title":"Update in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria","volume":"78","year":"2013","journal-title":"An. Pediatr. Barc."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0561-0","article-title":"Artesunate shows potent anti-tumor activity in B-cell lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Vatsveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"Dowshen, S. (2021, February 10). Malaria: Kidshealth from Nemours 2017. Available online: https:\/\/kidshealth.org\/es\/parents\/malaria-esp.html."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06786-1","article-title":"Enhancing the antimalarial activity of artesunate","volume":"119","author":"Adebayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). Vademecum. Artesumato. Available online: https:\/\/www.iqb.es\/cbasicas\/farma\/farma04\/a121.htm."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"CDC (2021, February 10). Malaria\u2019s Impact Worldwide: Center for Disease Control 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/malaria_worldwide\/impact.html."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02461","article-title":"Pivotal role of mitochondria in macrophage response to bacterial pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Ramond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1841-1","article-title":"A renewed focus on the interplay between viruses and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"159","author":"Claus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2009.11.039","article-title":"Mitochondrial changes in cidofovir therapy for BK virus nephropathy","volume":"42","author":"Talmon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1642-1","article-title":"Differences in T cell cytotoxicity and cell death mechanisms between progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, herpes simplex virus encephalitis and cytomegalovirus encephalitis","volume":"133","author":"Laukoter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201701107","article-title":"Type I interferon enhances necroptosis of Salmonella Typhimurium-infected macrophages by impairing antioxidative stress responses","volume":"216","author":"Hos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.04.005","article-title":"The effect of nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration","volume":"88","author":"Poderoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e16-07-0509","article-title":"Lynn Margulis and the endosymbiont hypothesis: 50 years later","volume":"28","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182253c54","article-title":"Mitochondrial impact of human immunodeficiency virus and antiretrovirals on infected pediatric patients with or without lipodystrophy","volume":"30","author":"Moren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2174\/187152612798994948","article-title":"Viral product trafficking to mitochondria, mechanisms and roles in pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Williamson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/6\/3272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:39:49Z","timestamp":1760161189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/6\/3272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22063272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22063272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}