{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:27Z","timestamp":1787028447842,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":418,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Freiburg University Medical Faculty \u201cForschungskommission\u201d","award":["ROL 1193\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ROL 1193\/18"]}]},{"name":"Freiburg University Medical Faculty \u201cForschungskommission\u201d","award":["ROL 1153\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ROL 1153\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies have assembled a complex picture, in which extracellular stimuli and intracellular signaling pathways modulate the chondrocyte phenotype. Because many diseases are mechanobiology-related, this review asked to what extent phenotype regulators control chondrocyte function through the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-regulating signaling processes. Such information would generate leverage for advanced articular cartilage repair. Serial passaging, pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8), growth factors (TGF-\u03b1), and osteoarthritis not only induce dedifferentiation but also converge on RhoA\/ROCK\/Rac1\/mDia1\/mDia2\/Cdc42 to promote actin polymerization\/crosslinking for stress fiber (SF) formation. SF formation takes center stage in phenotype control, as both SF formation and SOX9 phosphorylation for COL2 expression are ROCK activity-dependent. Explaining how it is molecularly possible that dedifferentiation induces low COL2 expression but high SF formation, this review theorized that, in chondrocyte SOX9, phosphorylation by ROCK might effectively be sidelined in favor of other SF-promoting ROCK substrates, based on a differential ROCK affinity. In turn, actin depolymerization for redifferentiation would \u201cfree-up\u201d ROCK to increase COL2 expression. Moreover, the actin cytoskeleton regulates COL1 expression, modulates COL2\/aggrecan fragment generation, and mediates a fibrogenic\/catabolic expression profile, highlighting that actin dynamics-regulating processes decisively control the chondrocyte phenotype. This suggests modulating the balance between actin polymerization\/depolymerization for therapeutically controlling the chondrocyte phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T14:08:16Z","timestamp":1616508496000},"page":"3279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Articular Chondrocyte Phenotype Regulation through the Cytoskeleton and the Signaling Processes That Originate from or Converge on the Cytoskeleton: Towards a Novel Understanding of the Intersection between Actin Dynamics and Chondrogenic Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jasmin C.","family":"Lauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mischa","family":"Selig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodo","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3275-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Rolauffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration &amp; Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-042910-155306","article-title":"Forcing stem cells to behave: A biophysical perspective of the cellular microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. 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