{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:00:57Z","timestamp":1790787657996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a disease with important clinical and socio-economic ramifications. Malnutrition and severe alteration of the protein components of the body (protein disarrangements), common conditions in CHF patients, are independent correlates of heart dysfunction, disease progression, and mortality. Autophagy, a prominent occurrence in the heart of patients with advanced CHF, is a self-digestive process that prolongs myocardial cell lifespan by the removal of cytosolic components, such as aging organelles and proteins, and recycles the constituent elements for new protein synthesis. However, in specific conditions, excessive activation of autophagy can lead to the destruction of molecules and organelles essential to cell survival, ultimately leading to organ failure and patient death. In this review, we aim to describe the experimental and clinical evidence supporting a pathophysiological role of nutrition and autophagy in the progression of CHF. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interplay between nutrition and autophagy may have important clinical implications by providing molecular targets for innovative therapeutic strategies in CHF patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T15:42:19Z","timestamp":1616600539000},"page":"3332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["How Can Malnutrition Affect Autophagy in Chronic Heart Failure? Focus and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corsetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evasio","family":"Pasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri (IRCCS), Lumezzane, 25065 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Chen-Scarabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Centre (VAMC), Division of Cardiology, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziano M.","family":"Scarabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart and Vessel Preclinical Studies at St. John Hospital and Medical Centre, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Flati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Saravolatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine at St. John Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0445-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco S.","family":"Dioguardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.08.008","article-title":"Resting Energy Expenditure and the Effects of Muscle Wasting in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: Results from the Studies Investigating Comorbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"14","author":"Tacke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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