{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:23Z","timestamp":1787028443376,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe asthma and rhinosinusitis represent frequent comorbidities, complicating the overall management of the disease. Both asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be differentiated into endotypes: those with type 2 eosinophilic inflammation and those with a non-type 2 inflammation. A correct definition of phenotype\/endotype for these diseases is crucial, taking into account the availability of novel biological therapies. Even though patients suffering from type 2 severe asthma\u2014with or without CRS with nasal polyps\u2014significantly benefit from treatment with biologics, the existence of different levels of patient response has been clearly demonstrated. In fact, in clinical practice, it is a common experience that patients reach a good clinical response for asthma symptoms, but not for CRS. At first glance, a reason for this could be that although asthma and CRS can coexist in the same patient, they can manifest with different degrees of severity; therefore, efficacy may not be equally achieved. Many questions regarding responders and nonresponders, predictors of response, and residual disease after blocking type 2 pathways are still unanswered. In this review, we discuss whether treatment with biological agents is equally effective in controlling both asthma and sinonasal symptoms in patients in which asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps coexist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T15:42:19Z","timestamp":1616600539000},"page":"3340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Asthma and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: How Similar Are They in Pathogenesis and Treatment Responses?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Matucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Bormioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nencini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Chiccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Vivarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Children Hospital Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vultaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.12.982","article-title":"Airway pathological heterogeneity in asthma: Visualization of disease microclusters using topological data analysis","volume":"142","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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