{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:55:03Z","timestamp":1760234103425,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2017-092","FF-2017-227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2017-092","FF-2017-227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long urethral strictures are often treated with autologous genital skin and buccal mucosa grafts; however, risk of hair ingrowth and donor site morbidity, restrict their application. To overcome this, we introduced a tissue-engineered human urethra comprising adipose-derived stem cell (ASC)-based self-assembled scaffold, human urothelial cells (UCs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). ASCs were cultured with ascorbic acid to stimulate extracellular matrix (ECM) production. The scaffold (ECM) was stained with collagen type-I antibody and the thickness was measured under a confocal microscope. Results showed that the thickest scaffold (28.06 \u00b1 0.59 \u03bcm) was achieved with 3 \u00d7 104 cells\/cm2 seeding density, 100 \u03bcg\/mL ascorbic acid concentration under hypoxic and dynamic culture condition. The biocompatibility assessment showed that UCs and SMCs seeded on the scaffold could proliferate and maintain the expression of their markers (CK7, CK20, UPIa, and UPII) and (\u03b1-SMA, MHC and Smootheline), respectively, after 14 days of in vitro culture. ECM gene expression analysis showed that the ASC and dermal fibroblast-based scaffolds (control) were comparable. The ASC-based scaffold can be handled and removed from the plate. This suggests that multiple layers of scaffold can be stacked to form the urothelium (seeded with UCs), submucosal layer (ASCs only), and smooth muscle layer (seeded with SMCs) and has the potential to be developed into a fully functional human urethra for urethral reconstructive surgeries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1616683872000},"page":"3350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fabrication of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Based Self-Assembled Scaffold under Hypoxia and Mechanical Stimulation for Urethral Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Rashidbenam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 12th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hafidzul","family":"Jasman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Skills Learning and Simulation Unit, Department of Medical Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan Hee","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eng Hong","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-6436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xeng Inn","family":"Fam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Chee Kong","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Taylor\u2019s University, No. 1 Jalan Taylor\u2019s, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulkifli Md","family":"Zainuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reynu","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Upper Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1887-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizal Abdul","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthoplasty Unit, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 9th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Mohd","family":"Nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Clinical Block, 8th Floor, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Aznan","family":"Shuhaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Upper Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3799-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nik Ritza","family":"Kosai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minimally Invasive Upper Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 8th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farrah Hani","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Clinical Block, 8th Floor, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min Hwei","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 12th Floor, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13356","article-title":"Substitution urethroplasty using oral mucosa graft for male anterior urethral stricture disease: Current topics and reviews","volume":"24","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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