{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:08:13Z","timestamp":1784675293686,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classic atherosclerosis risk factors do not explain all cases of chronic heart disease. There is significant evidence that gut microbiota may influence the development of atherosclerosis. The widespread prevalence of chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori, HP) infections suggests that HP can be the source of components that stimulate local and systemic inflammatory responses. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species during HP infection leads to cholesterol oxidation, which drives atherogenesis. The aim of this study is to explore the link between persistent HP infection and a high-fat diet in the development of proinflammatory conditions that are potentially proatherogenic. An in vivo model of Caviae porcellus infected with HP and exposed to an experimental diet was investigated for the occurrence of a proinflammatory and proatherogenic endothelial environment. Vascular endothelial primary cells exposed to HP components were tested in vitro for oxidative stress, cell activation and apoptosis. The infiltration of inflammatory cells into the vascular endothelium of animals infected with HP and exposed to a high-fat diet was observed in conjunction with an increased level of inflammatory markers systemically. The arteries of such animals were the least elastic, suggesting the role of HP in arterial stiffness. Soluble HP components induced transformation of macrophages to foam cells in vitro and influenced the endothelial life span, which was correlated with Collagen I upregulation. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that HP antigens act synergistically with a high-fat diet in the development of proatherogenic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1616683872000},"page":"3394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Helicobacter pylori Infection Acts Synergistically with a High-Fat Diet in the Development of a Proinflammatory and Potentially Proatherogenic Endothelial Cell Environment in an Experimental Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Krupa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5231-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Gonciarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Rusek-Wala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Rechci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Samsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Dziuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u015amiech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chmiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha st 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878","article-title":"Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease","volume":"111","author":"Libby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2003.10.007","article-title":"Inflammation meets oxidation: NF-\u03baB as a mediator of initial lesion development in atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Kutuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Mol. 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