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While some clinical parameters may predict the transition from paroxysmal to persistent AF, the molecular mechanisms behind the AF perpetuation are poorly understood. Thus, oxidative stress, calcium overload and inflammation, among others, are believed to be involved in AF-induced atrial remodelling. Interestingly, adenosine and its receptors have also been related to AF development and perpetuation. Here, we investigated the expression of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) both in right atrium biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-dilated sinus rhythm (ndSR), dilated sinus rhythm (dSR) and AF patients. In addition, plasma adenosine content and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in these subjects were also determined. Our results revealed increased A2AR expression in the right atrium from AF patients, as previously described. Interestingly, increased levels of adenosine content and reduced ADA activity in plasma from AF patients were detected. An increase was observed when A2AR expression was assessed in PBMCs from AF subjects. Importantly, a positive correlation (p = 0.001) between A2AR expression in the right atrium and PBMCs was observed. Overall, these results highlight the importance of the A2AR in AF and suggest that the evaluation of this receptor in PBMCs may be potentially be useful in monitoring disease severity and the efficacy of pharmacological treatments in AF patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"3467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Adenosine A2A Receptors Are Upregulated in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Atrial Fibrillation Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Godoy-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Neuropharmacology &amp; Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Duroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concepci\u00f3","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology &amp; Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hildegard","family":"Colino-Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Biomedical Research Institute, IIBB-CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1bado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Montiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Cardiac Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Hove-Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Biomedical Research Institute, IIBB-CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0832-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Ciruela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Neuropharmacology &amp; Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Epidemiology of atrial fbrillation: European perspective","volume":"6","author":"Lercari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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