{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:35:38Z","timestamp":1792438538362,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus brevis-fermented \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (LB-GABA) on sleep behaviors in invertebrate and vertebrate models. In Drosophila melanogaster, LB-GABA-treated group showed an 8\u20139%-longer sleep duration than normal group did. LB-GABA-treated group also showed a 46.7% lower level of nighttime activity with a longer (11%) sleep duration under caffeine-induced arousal conditions. The LB-GABA-mediated inhibition of activity was confirmed as a reduction of total movement of flies using a video tracking system. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice, LB-GABA (100 mg\/kg) shortened the time of onset of sleep by 32.2% and extended sleeping time by 59%. In addition, mRNA and protein level of GABAergic\/Serotonergic neurotransmitters were upregulated following treatment with LB-GABA (2.0%). In particular, intestine- and brain-derived GABAA protein levels were increased by sevenfold and fivefold, respectively. The electroencephalography (EEG) analysis in rats showed that LB-GABA significantly increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (53%) with the increase in theta (\u03b8, 59%) and delta (\u03b4, 63%) waves, leading to longer sleep time (35%), under caffeine-induced insomnia conditions. LB-GABA showed a dose-dependent agonist activity on human GABAA receptor with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 3.44 \u00b5g\/mL in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1617033717000},"page":"3537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Fermented Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Improves Sleep Behaviors in Fruit Flies and Rodent Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"A-Hyun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4056-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungae","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Singeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yejin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8869-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Joo","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Son","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Liu, Z., Xie, F., Bilal, M., Liu, L., Yang, R., and Wang, Z. 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