{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:27:03Z","timestamp":1784305623184,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders whose pathogenesis seems to be related to an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which leads to disrupted connectivity during brain development. Among the various biomarkers that have been evaluated in the last years, metabolic factors represent a bridge between genetic vulnerability and environmental aspects. In particular, cholesterol homeostasis and circulating fatty acids seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of ASDs, both through the contribute in the stabilization of cell membranes and the modulation of inflammatory factors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the available data about the role of cholesterol and fatty acids, mainly long-chain ones, in the onset of ASDs. A bibliographic research on the main databases was performed and 36 studies were included in our review. Most of the studies document a correlation between ASDs and hypocholesterolemia, while the results concerning circulating fatty acids are less univocal. Even though further studies are necessary to confirm the available data, the metabolic biomarkers open to new treatment options such as the modulation of the lipid pattern through the diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1617033717000},"page":"3550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Role of Cholesterol and Fatty Acids in the Etiology and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4610-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia Maria","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Buoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5086-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ciappolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. 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