{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:01:52Z","timestamp":1784246512389,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002869","name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F359958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F359958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A continuing challenge in cartilage tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration is the creation of a suitable synthetic microenvironment for chondrocytes and tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop a highly tunable hybrid scaffold based on a silk fibroin matrix (SM) and a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel. Human articular chondrocytes were embedded in a porous 3-dimensional SM, before infiltration with tyramine modified HA hydrogel. Scaffolds were cultured in chondropermissive medium with and without TGF-\u03b21. Cell viability and cell distribution were assessed using CellTiter-Blue assay and Live\/Dead staining. Chondrogenic marker expression was detected using qPCR. Biosynthesis of matrix compounds was analyzed by dimethylmethylene blue assay and immuno-histology. Differences in biomaterial stiffness and stress relaxation were characterized using a one-step unconfined compression test. Cell morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Hybrid scaffold revealed superior chondro-inductive and biomechanical properties compared to sole SM. The presence of HA and TGF-\u03b21 increased chondrogenic marker gene expression and matrix deposition. Hybrid scaffolds offer cytocompatible and highly tunable properties as cell-carrier systems, as well as favorable biomechanical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1617186273000},"page":"3635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Silk Fiber-Reinforced Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel for Cartilage Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jan-Tobias","family":"Weitkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"W\u00f6ltje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Nu\u00dfpickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6586-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix N.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilbar","family":"Aibibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Eglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3285-0419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela R.","family":"Armiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chokri","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Lucius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Smeets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Ham-burg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodo","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24015 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21148","article-title":"Association of cartilage defects with loss of knee cartilage in healthy, middle-age adults: A prospective study","volume":"52","author":"Cicuttini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.01.003","article-title":"Tibial subchondral bone size and knee cartilage defects: Relevance to knee osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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