{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:07:14Z","timestamp":1792192034462,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a one of the most common endocrine disorders, with a prevalence rate of 5\u201310% in reproductive aged women. It\u2019s characterized by (1) chronic anovulation, (2) biochemical and\/or clinical hyperandrogenism, and (3) polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS has significant clinical implications and can lead to health problems related to the accumulation of adipose tissue, such as obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. There is also evidence that PCOS patients are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure. Several studies have reported the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and low-grade chronic inflammation. According to known data, inflammatory markers or their gene markers are higher in PCOS patients. Correlations have been found between increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), white blood cell count (WBC), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1\u03b1 (MIP-1\u03b1) in the PCOS women compared with age- and BMI-matched controls. Women with PCOS present also elevated levels of AGEs and increased RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) expression. This chronic inflammatory state is aggravating by obesity and hyperinsulinemia. There are studies describing mutual impact of hyperinsulinemia and obesity, hyperandrogenism, and inflammatory state. Endothelial cell dysfunction may be also triggered by inflammatory cytokines. Many factors involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and thrombosis were proposed as cardiovascular risk markers showing the endothelial cell damage in PCOS. Those markers include asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I), PAI-I activity, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) etc. It was also proposed that the uterine hyperinflammatory state in polycystic ovary syndrome may be responsible for significant pregnancy complications ranging from miscarriage to placental insufficiency. In this review, we discuss the most importance evidence concerning the role of the process of chronic inflammation in pathogenesis of PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1617705252000},"page":"3789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":633,"title":["Chronic Low Grade Inflammation in Pathogenesis of PCOS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3936-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Rudnicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Suchta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Grymowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Calik-Ksepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Smolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Duszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Smolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blazej","family":"Meczekalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004). 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