{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:51:30Z","timestamp":1787500290946,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025159,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025159,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019H1D3A1A01071117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019H1D3A1A01071117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017H1D3A1A02013844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017H1D3A1A02013844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are hormonally active compounds in the environment that interfere with the body\u2019s endocrine system and consequently produce adverse health effects. Despite persistent public health concerns, EDCs remain important components of common consumer products, thus representing ubiquitous contaminants to humans. While scientific evidence confirmed their contribution to the severity of Influenza A virus (H1N1) in the animal model, their roles in susceptibility and clinical outcome of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cannot be underestimated. Since its emergence in late 2019, clinical reports on COVID-19 have confirmed that severe disease and death occur in persons aged \u226565 years and those with underlying comorbidities. Major comorbidities of COVID-19 include diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and kidney and liver diseases. Meanwhile, long-term exposure to EDCs contributes significantly to the onset and progression of these comorbid diseases. Besides, EDCs play vital roles in the disruption of the body\u2019s immune system. Here, we review the recent literature on the roles of EDCs in comorbidities contributing to COVID-19 mortality, impacts of EDCs on the immune system, and recent articles linking EDCs to COVID-19 risks. We also recommend methodologies that could be adopted to comprehensively study the role of EDCs in COVID-19 risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T03:04:06Z","timestamp":1618196646000},"page":"3939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Infectious Diseases: From Endocrine Disruption to Immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Elikanah Olusayo","family":"Adegoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science &amp; Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Saidur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science &amp; Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoo-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science &amp; Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung-Geol","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science &amp; Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068717","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4068717","article-title":"The impact of bisphenol A on fertility, reproductive system, and development: A review of the literature","volume":"2019","author":"Matuszczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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