{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:14:59Z","timestamp":1791389699278,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The production of melanin pigments by melanocytes and their quantity, quality, and distribution play a decisive role in determining human skin, eye, and hair color, and protect the skin from adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. Melanocytes reside in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and are compensated by melanocyte stem cells in the follicular bulge area. Various stimuli such as eczema, microbial infection, ultraviolet light exposure, mechanical injury, and aging provoke skin inflammation. These acute or chronic inflammatory responses cause inflammatory cytokine production from epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts and other cells, which in turn stimulate melanocytes, often resulting in skin pigmentation. It is confirmed by some recent studies that several interleukins (ILs) and other inflammatory mediators modulate the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes and also promote or inhibit expression of melanogenesis-related gene expression directly or indirectly, thereby participating in regulation of skin pigmentation. Understanding of mechanisms of skin pigmentation due to inflammation helps to elucidate the relationship between inflammation and skin pigmentation regulation and can guide development of new therapeutic pathways for treating pigmented dermatosis. This review covers the mechanistic aspects of skin pigmentation caused by inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T11:05:06Z","timestamp":1618225506000},"page":"3970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Diversified Stimuli-Induced Inflammatory Pathways Cause Skin Pigmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Md Razib","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuba M.","family":"Ansary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayumi","family":"Komine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamitaro","family":"Ohtsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"What is the \u2018true\u2019 function of skin?","volume":"11","author":"Chuong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x","article-title":"The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin","volume":"84","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12080","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the migration of melanocytes and melanoma cells","volume":"26","author":"Bonaventure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan Borovansky, P.A.R. (2011). Melanins and Melanosomes Biosynthesis, Biogenesis, Physiological, and Pathological Functions, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527636150"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19607.x","article-title":"Stimulation of melanoblast pigmentation by 8-methoxypsoralen:the involvement of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, the protein kinase a signal pathway, and proteasome-mediated degradation","volume":"119","author":"Lei","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.1153","article-title":"Agouti signaling protein and other factors modulating differentiation and proliferation of immortal melanoblasts","volume":"221","author":"Sviderskaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500500234970","article-title":"Human melanocyte biology, toxicology, and pathology","volume":"23","author":"Tolleson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05660","article-title":"Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation","volume":"445","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01471.x","article-title":"Contact dermatitis: From pathomechanisms to immunotoxicology","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3010","article-title":"Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12398607","article-title":"Ionizing radiation induces human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in vitro","volume":"103","author":"Behrends","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00132-4","article-title":"Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by D-alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: A clinical study using solar simulated radiation","volume":"25","author":"Fuchs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1903-9","article-title":"Tight junctions in skin inflammation","volume":"469","author":"Brandner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2003","article-title":"Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation","volume":"84","author":"Slominski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12460991","article-title":"Interleukins 1 alpha and 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are paracrine inhibitors of human melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis","volume":"96","author":"Swope","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.331","article-title":"IL-4 inhibits the melanogenesis of normal human melanocytes through the JAK2-STAT6 signaling pathway","volume":"133","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-8703-8","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms regulating human melanogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.07137.x","article-title":"Disorders of pigmentation","volume":"8","author":"Fistarol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000201","article-title":"Melanocyte function and its control by melanocortin peptides","volume":"50","author":"Tsatmali","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6649rev","article-title":"Human skin pigmentation: Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress","volume":"21","author":"Costin","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00896.x","article-title":"A review of genetic disorders of hypopigmentation: Lessons learned from the biology of melanocytes","volume":"18","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imokawa, G. (2019). Melanocyte Activation Mechanisms and Rational Therapeutic Treatments of Solar Lentigos. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153666"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8293","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15058293","article-title":"Inhibitors of intracellular signaling pathways that lead to stimulated epidermal pigmentation: Perspective of anti-pigmenting agents","volume":"15","author":"Imokawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2001.140402.x","article-title":"Keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions during melanosome transfer","volume":"14","author":"Seiberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00238.x","article-title":"Chemistry of mixed melanogenesis--pivotal roles of dopaquinone","volume":"84","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00894.x","article-title":"Kinesin participates in melanosomal movement along melanocyte dendrites","volume":"114","author":"Hara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00957.x","article-title":"Role of cytoplasmic dynein in melanosome transport in human melanocytes","volume":"114","author":"Byers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.03.023","article-title":"Signaling pathways in melanosome biogenesis and pathology","volume":"42","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.29","article-title":"Physiological factors that regulate skin pigmentation","volume":"35","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14006","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413692200","article-title":"MART-1 is required for the function of the melanosomal matrix protein PMEL17\/GP100 and the maturation of melanosomes","volume":"280","author":"Hoashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-151019","article-title":"Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein b, a melanocytic cell marker, is a melanosome-specific and proteolytically released protein","volume":"24","author":"Hoashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Liu, W., Zhu, C., Yuan, X., Li, D., Gu, W., Ma, H., Xie, X., and Gao, T. (2012). Silencing of GPNMB by siRNA inhibits the formation of melanosomes in melanocytes in a MITF-independent fashion. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042955"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00675.x","article-title":"Regulation of melanogenesis--controversies and new concepts","volume":"17","author":"Schallreuter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16470","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.23.16470","article-title":"Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain","volume":"274","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1586\/edm.10.70","article-title":"Update on the regulation of mammalian melanocyte function and skin pigmentation","volume":"6","author":"Kondo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.15.5245-5255.2003","article-title":"The actin-binding domain of Slac2-a\/melanophilin is required for melanosome distribution in melanocytes","volume":"23","author":"Kuroda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2006.00425.x","article-title":"The quest for the mechanism of melanin transfer","volume":"7","author":"Naeyaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01053.x","article-title":"\u201cTranscription physiology\u201d of pigment formation in melanocytes: Central role of MITF","volume":"19","author":"Vachtenheim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00775.x","article-title":"Lighting a path to pigmentation: Mechanisms of MITF induction by UV","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Park, H.Y. (2008). Biology of melanocytes. Fitzpatrick\u2019s Dermatology in General Medicine, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.38.072902.092717","article-title":"Melanocytes and the microphthalmia transcription factor network","volume":"38","author":"Copeland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.05.042","article-title":"A UV-Independent Topical Small-Molecule Approach for Melanin Production in Human Skin","volume":"19","author":"Mujahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27557","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700026200","article-title":"The regulation of skin pigmentation","volume":"282","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00067.x","article-title":"The color loci of mice\u2014a genetic century","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15651","article-title":"Paracrine regulation of melanogenesis","volume":"178","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swope, V.B., and Abdel-Malek, Z.A. (2018). MC1R: Front and Center in the Bright Side of Dark Eumelanin and DNA Repair. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092667"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700151","article-title":"Adrenergic and cholinergic control in the biology of epidermis: Physiological and clinical significance","volume":"126","author":"Grando","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/320415a0","article-title":"A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family","volume":"320","author":"Besmer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02655.x","article-title":"Human proto-oncogene c-kit: A new cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase for an unidentified ligand","volume":"6","author":"Yarden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, X., and Nusse, R. (2013). Wnt signaling in skin development, homeostasis, and disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008029"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/24620","article-title":"Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway","volume":"396","author":"Dorsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14013","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000113200","article-title":"Induction of melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor by Wnt-3a","volume":"275","author":"Takeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0222","article-title":"Wnt and BMP signaling govern lineage segregation of melanocytes in the avian embryo","volume":"233","author":"Jin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2005.00226.x","article-title":"WNT1 and WNT3a promote expansion of melanocytes through distinct modes of action","volume":"18","author":"Dunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.2.158","article-title":"Direct regulation of nacre, a zebrafish MITF homolog required for pigment cell formation, by the Wnt pathway","volume":"14","author":"Dorsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3218","article-title":"From genes to drugs: Targeted strategies for melanoma","volume":"12","author":"Flaherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200202049","article-title":"Beta-catenin-induced melanoma growth requires the downstream target Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor","volume":"158","author":"Widlund","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201816666190201143457","article-title":"Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: From Simple Potions to Smart Technologies","volume":"16","author":"Benson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02222.x","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant network in cutaneous carcinogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Sander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(99)80087-0","article-title":"Skin antioxidants: Their role in aging and in oxidative stress\u2014New approaches for their evaluation","volume":"53","author":"Kohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomed Pharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1089\/15230860260220175","article-title":"Oxidative stress and its role in skin disease","volume":"4","author":"Trouba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudkov, A.V., and Komarova, E.A. (2016). p53 and the Carcinogenicity of Chronic Inflammation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a026161"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S322","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201403-118AW","article-title":"Targeting immune pathways for therapy in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Brusselle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359","article-title":"Innate immune recognition","volume":"20","author":"Janeway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.03.074","article-title":"Stress molecules in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"581","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.08.004","article-title":"Inside, outside, upside down: Damage-associated molecular-pattern molecules (DAMPs) and redox","volume":"28","author":"Rubartelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41974","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9633","article-title":"The inflammatory\/cancer-related IL-6\/STAT3\/NF-\u03baB positive feedback loop includes AUF1 and maintains the active state of breast myofibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Hendrayani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.807","article-title":"Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation","volume":"81","author":"Kyriakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.03.012","article-title":"Altered ROS production, NF-\u03baB activation and interleukin-6 gene expression induced by electrical stimulation in dystrophic mdx skeletal muscle cells","volume":"1852","author":"Altamirano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23747.x","article-title":"Role of p38 MAPK in UVB-induced inflammatory responses in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700310","article-title":"Prominent production of IL-20 by CD68+\/CD11c+ myeloid-derived cells in psoriasis: Gene regulation and cellular effects","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.007","article-title":"IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues","volume":"21","author":"Wolk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015948505117","article-title":"The role of AP-1, NF-kappaB and ROS\/NOS in skin carcinogenesis: The JB6 model is predictive","volume":"234\u2013235","author":"Dhar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03332.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet B irradiation selectively increases the production of interleukin-8 in human cord blood-derived mast cells","volume":"148","author":"Endoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700960","article-title":"Nox1-based NADPH oxidase is the major source of UVA-induced reactive oxygen species in human keratinocytes","volume":"128","author":"Valencia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2004.06.010","article-title":"NADPH oxidase and cyclooxygenase mediate the ultraviolet B-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in HaCaT human keratinocytes","volume":"86","author":"Beak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"7","article-title":"Involvement of NADPH oxidase 1 in UVB-induced cell signaling and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes","volume":"14","author":"Glady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22195","article-title":"Ultraviolet irradiation-induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nuclear translocation in human keratinocytes","volume":"107","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.133.1.211","article-title":"UV activates growth factor receptors via reactive oxygen intermediates","volume":"133","author":"Huang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700502","article-title":"Effects of UVB on E prostanoid receptor expression in murine skin","volume":"127","author":"Tober","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018625108","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2-prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 (EP4) signaling mediates UV irradiation-induced systemic immunosuppression","volume":"108","author":"Soontrapa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-0994-y","article-title":"The UV response of the skin: A review of the MAPK, NFkappaB and TNFalpha signal transduction pathways","volume":"302","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-6568(00)00146-7","article-title":"EGF receptor crosstalks with cytokine receptors leading to the activation of c-Jun kinase in response to UV irradiation in human keratinocytes","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.4.1273","article-title":"Regulation of interleukin 1 and its receptor in human keratinocytes","volume":"86","author":"Blanton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"142","article-title":"Protein kinases and transcription factors activation in response to UV-radiation of skin: Implications for carcinogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Ocampo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1194","article-title":"Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress: Activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors","volume":"274","author":"Rosette","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00198-7","article-title":"H2O2 is required for UVB-induced EGF receptor and downstream signaling pathway activation","volume":"27","author":"Peus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20335","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms of Erbb2 action after ultraviolet irradiation of the skin","volume":"46","author":"Madson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792639","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/792639","article-title":"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species: How Can ROS Activate MAPK Pathways?","volume":"2011","author":"Son","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Signal. Transduct."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201102095","article-title":"Signal. transduction by reactive oxygen species","volume":"194","author":"Finkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.10.009","article-title":"inflammatory triangle in psoriasis: TNF, type I IFNs and IL-17","volume":"26","author":"Grine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.237","article-title":"IL-17 and TNF synergistically modulate cytokine expression while suppressing melanogenesis: Potential relevance to psoriasis","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80606-2","article-title":"The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more","volume":"17","author":"Mosmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80533-6","article-title":"Cytokines induce the development of functionally heterogeneous T helper cell subsets","volume":"8","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80076-X","article-title":"Dealing from the evolutionary pawnshop: How lymphocytes make decisions","volume":"11","author":"Reiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70387-2","article-title":"IL-4- and IL-5-positive T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells in allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reactions in atopic subjects","volume":"101","author":"Barata","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040590","article-title":"Basophils produce IL-4 and accumulate in tissues after infection with a Th2-inducing parasite","volume":"200","author":"Min","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11000.x","article-title":"Interleukin-4 genetic variants correlate with its transcript and protein levels in patients with vitiligo","volume":"167","author":"Imran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.254.5029.279","article-title":"Differing lymphokine profiles of functional subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones","volume":"254","author":"Salgame","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.048","article-title":"The role of helper and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"60","author":"Basak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12661","article-title":"Differential expression of mRNA for T-bet and GATA-3 transcription factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with vitiligo","volume":"40","author":"Mansouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e31821188e0","article-title":"Interleukin-13 signaling and its role in asthma","volume":"4","author":"Rael","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.72.469","article-title":"IL-13 attenuates vascular tube formation via JAK2-STAT6 pathway","volume":"72","author":"Nishimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.8.577","article-title":"New insights into the role of cytokines in asthma","volume":"54","author":"Renauld","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.3.308","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Human Epidermal and Peripheral Blood \u03b3\u03b4 T Cell Cytokine Profiles","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12531","article-title":"Role of epidermal \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell-derived interleukin 13 in the skin-whitening effect of Ginsenoside F1","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14703","article-title":"The many faces of interleukin-17 in inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"175","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1613","article-title":"A critical function for transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin 23 and proinflammatory cytokines in driving and modulating human T(H)-17 responses","volume":"9","author":"Volpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061308","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"203","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.10.004","article-title":"Ultraviolet B irradiation induces the expression of IL-33 mRNA and protein in normal human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"65","author":"Meephansan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.09.005","article-title":"Enhancement of the p38 MAPK and PKA signaling pathways is associated with the pro-melanogenic activity of Interleukin 33 in primary melanocytes","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.11.008","article-title":"Interleukin-18 augments growth ability of primary human melanocytes by PTEN inactivation through the AKT\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00957.x","article-title":"The role of keratinocyte growth factor in melanogenesis: A possible mechanism for the initiation of solar lentigines","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25182","article-title":"Interleukins 1alpha and 1beta secreted by some melanoma cell lines strongly reduce expression of MITF-M and melanocyte differentiation antigens","volume":"127","author":"Kholmanskikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22516.x","article-title":"Proteinase-activated receptor-2 stimulates prostaglandin production in keratinocytes: Analysis of prostaglandin receptors on human melanocytes and effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha on melanocyte dendricity","volume":"122","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304988111","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 signaling maintains skin pigmentation homeostasis through regulation of melanosome maturation","volume":"111","author":"Natarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.024","article-title":"Cross-talk between interferon-gamma and interleukin-18 in melanogenesis","volume":"163","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962013000100009","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Videira","year":"2013","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00624.x","article-title":"IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines","volume":"223","author":"Arend","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.03.010","article-title":"The immune-modulating cytokine and endogenous Alarmin interleukin-33 is upregulated in skin exposed to inflammatory UVB radiation","volume":"179","author":"Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705939104","article-title":"IL-1 receptor accessory protein is essential for IL-33-induced activation of T lymphocytes and mast cells","volume":"104","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2051","article-title":"Cutting edge: The ST2 ligand IL-33 potently activates and drives maturation of human mast cells","volume":"179","author":"Allakhverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.09.013","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-33 induces the release of pro-inflammatory mediators by mast cells","volume":"40","author":"Moulin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000803107","article-title":"IL-33 augments substance P-induced VEGF secretion from human mast cells and is increased in psoriatic skin","volume":"107","author":"Theoharides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9773","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901206106","article-title":"The cytokine interleukin-33 mediates anaphylactic shock","volume":"106","author":"Pushparaj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901575","article-title":"IL-33 amplifies the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages that contribute to airway inflammation","volume":"183","author":"Stolarski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7890","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802449","article-title":"Caspase-1, caspase-8, and calpain are dispensable for IL-33 release by macrophages","volume":"183","author":"Ohno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041360","article-title":"IL-33 induces skin inflammation with mast cell and neutrophil activation","volume":"41","author":"Hueber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.5981","article-title":"An.IL-1 cytokine member, IL-33, induces human basophil activation via its ST2 receptor","volume":"181","author":"Suzukawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.02.026","article-title":"IL-33-activated dendritic cells induce an atypical TH2-type response","volume":"123","author":"Rank","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.L., Chhiba, K.D., Krier-Burris, R., Hosakoppal, S., Berdnikovs, S., Miller, M.L., and Bryce, P.J. (2020). Allergic inflammation is initiated by IL-33-dependent crosstalk between mast cells and basophils. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226701"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.66","article-title":"IL-33: A novel danger signal system in atopic dermatitis","volume":"132","author":"Cevikbas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.1.51","article-title":"Interleukin-1","volume":"6","author":"Dinarello","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.36.3.341","article-title":"The numerous postulated biological manifestations of interleukin-1","volume":"36","author":"Kampschmidt","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114907","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory processes in cutaneous tissues. Mechanisms and speculations","volume":"86","author":"Kupper","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.24.7907","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of human monocyte interleukin 1 precursor cDNA","volume":"81","author":"Auron","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2969618","article-title":"cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily","volume":"241","author":"Sims","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/315641a0","article-title":"Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs","volume":"315","author":"March","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Detection of interleukin-1 receptors in human epidermis. Induction of the type II receptor after organ culture and in psoriasis","volume":"145","author":"Groves","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(02)00320-8","article-title":"Summary and comparison of the signaling mechanisms of the Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor family","volume":"1592","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(95)00418-1","article-title":"Regulation of keratinocyte growth factor gene expression in human skin fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12499816","article-title":"Effect of in vivo interleukin-1 on adhesion molecule expression in normal human skin","volume":"98","author":"Groves","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1994.tb00263.x","article-title":"Differential modulation of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in human epidermal keratinocytes by UVB","volume":"3","author":"Kondo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203551","article-title":"Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors","volume":"19","author":"Hirano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114746","article-title":"Enhanced prostaglandin synthesis after ultraviolet injury is mediated by endogenous histamine stimulation. A mechanism for irradiation erythema","volume":"86","author":"Pentland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12873337","article-title":"Keratinocyte prostaglandin synthesis is enhanced by IL-1","volume":"94","author":"Pentland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"3","article-title":"Molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in neoplasia","volume":"30","author":"Fosslien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112283","article-title":"Modulation of keratinocyte proliferation in vitro by endogenous prostaglandin synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Pentland","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.11.016","article-title":"Effects of PGF2alpha on human melanocytes and regulation of the FP receptor by ultraviolet radiation","volume":"304","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52724.x","article-title":"Prostaglandin H synthase and lipoxygenase gene families in the epithelial cell barrier","volume":"744","author":"Holtzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.563","article-title":"The IFN gamma receptor: A paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling","volume":"15","author":"Bach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.4647","article-title":"Cutting edge: Cross-talk between cells of the innate immune system: NKT cells rapidly activate NK cells","volume":"163","author":"Carnaud","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02005-1","article-title":"IFN-gamma production by antigen-presenting cells: Mechanisms emerge","volume":"22","author":"Frucht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.9.1381","article-title":"Autocrine secretion of interferon gamma negatively regulates homing of immature B cells","volume":"192","author":"Flaishon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.12.010","article-title":"Key roles for transforming growth factor beta in melanocyte stem cell maintenance","volume":"6","author":"Nishimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"156","article-title":"The melanocortin-1 receptor is a key regulator of human cutaneous pigmentation","volume":"13 (Suppl. 8)","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463","article-title":"A mouse model of vitiligo with focused epidermal depigmentation requires IFN-\u03b3 for autoreactive CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the skin","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902778","article-title":"Mechanisms of spatial and temporal development of autoimmune vitiligo in tyrosinase-specific TCR transgenic mice","volume":"184","author":"Gregg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2080","article-title":"Interferon-gamma Inhibits Melanogenesis and Induces Apoptosis in Melanocytes: A Pivotal Role of CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Vitiligo","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03457.x","article-title":"Localization of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and its receptors in normal and psoriatic skin: Epidermal cells express the 55-kD but not the 75-kD TNF receptor","volume":"94","author":"Kristensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.185","article-title":"Regulation of IL-33 expression by IFN-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"132","author":"Meephansan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.04.014","article-title":"Expression of IL-33 in the epidermis: The mechanism of induction by IL-17","volume":"71","author":"Meephansan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(00)00111-0","article-title":"Growth related secretion and production of GM-CSF by epithelial cell line","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13256","article-title":"GM-CSF: A possible prognostic serum biomarker of vitiligo patients\u2019 considered for transplantation treatment with cultured autologous melanocytes: A pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/8\/3970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:12:23Z","timestamp":1760364743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/8\/3970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22083970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22083970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]}}}