{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:50:42Z","timestamp":1792795842447,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/5-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/5-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous scientific studies in recent years have shown significant skin and gut dysbiosis among patients with psoriasis. A significant decrease in microbiome alpha-diversity (abundance of different bacterial taxa measured in one sample) as well as beta-diversity (microbial diversity in different samples) was noted in psoriasis skin. It has been proven that the representation of Cutibacterium, Burkholderia spp., and Lactobacilli is decreased and Corynebacterium kroppenstedii, Corynebacterium simulans, Neisseria spp., and Finegoldia spp. increased in the psoriasis skin in comparison to healthy skin. Alterations in the gut microbiome in psoriasis are similar to those observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In those two diseases, the F. prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Parabacteroides and Coprobacillus were underrepresented, while the abundance of Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Helicobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes sp., and Mycobacterium sp. was increased. Several research studies provided evidence for the significant influence of psoriasis treatments on the skin and gut microbiome and a positive influence of orally administered probiotics on the course of this dermatosis. Further research is needed to determine the influence of the microbiome on the development of inflammatory skin diseases. The changes in microbiome under psoriasis treatment can serve as a potential biomarker of positive response to the administered therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T05:31:37Z","timestamp":1618291897000},"page":"3998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Alterations of the Skin and Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Irmina","family":"Olejniczak-Staruch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Dermoklinika Centrum Medyczne, 90-436 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Proliferative Diseases, Nicolaus Copernicus Multidisciplinary Centre for Oncology and Traumatology, 93-513 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Sobolewska-Sztychny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Narbutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Skibi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannone, L.F., Bennardo, L., Palleria, C., Roberti, R., De Sarro, C., Naturale, M.D., Dastoli, S., Donato, L., Manti, A., and Valenti, G. (2020). Safety profile of biologic drugs for psoriasis in clinical practice: An Italian prospective pharmacovigilance study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241575"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13185","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13185","article-title":"A novel vehicle for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"33","author":"Dattola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14504","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14504","article-title":"Emerging role of anti-IL23 in the treatment of psoriasis: When humanized is very promising","volume":"33","author":"Dattola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of skin and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease","volume":"100016","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153038","article-title":"Psoriasis: Classical and emerging comorbidities","volume":"90","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16081","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in psoriasis: Moving from disease description to treatment selection?","volume":"178","author":"Langan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Human Microbiome Project Consortium (2012). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486, 207\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171700","article-title":"Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome","volume":"324","author":"Grice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The skin microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-017-0178-5","article-title":"The role of the skin and gut microbiome in psoriatic disease","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-31","article-title":"Community differentiation of the cutaneous microbiota in psoriasis","volume":"1","author":"Alekseyenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12253-y","article-title":"Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Fyhrquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.024","article-title":"Psoriatic lesions are characterized by higher bacterial load and imbalance between Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium","volume":"82","author":"Quan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00007","article-title":"Bacterial dysbiosis and translocation in psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"9","author":"Visser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180133","article-title":"The microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: The skin perspective","volume":"94","author":"Thio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Tseng, C.H., Strober, B.E., Pei, Z., and Blaser, M.J. (2008). Substantial alterations of the cutaneous bacterial biota in psoriatic lesions. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002719"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-011-1189-x","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial microbiota in skin biopsies from normal and psoriatic skin","volume":"304","author":"Fahlen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650170036019","article-title":"Patch tests with killed sonicated microflora in patients with psoriasis","volume":"118","author":"Lober","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17691","article-title":"Investigation of the skin microbiome: Swabs vs. biopsies","volume":"181","author":"Engstrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69537-3","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota in non-treated plaque psoriasis patients stratified by disease severity: Development of a new Psoriasis-Microbiome Index","volume":"10","author":"Giliberto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.07.014","article-title":"Novel insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"186","author":"Luger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"33","article-title":"Psoriasis and Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization in Moroccan patients","volume":"23","author":"Elfatoiki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-017-0022-5","article-title":"Unexplored diversity and strain-level structure of the skin microbiome associated with psoriasis","volume":"3","author":"Tett","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00438","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Skin Microbiota in Psoriatic Patients: Co-occurrence of Fungal and Bacterial Communities","volume":"10","author":"Stehlikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12171","article-title":"Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin","volume":"498","author":"Findley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01321.x","article-title":"The effects of Malassezia yeasts on cytokine production by human keratinocytes","volume":"116","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12611380","article-title":"Enhanced synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes in psoriasis","volume":"99","author":"Fauler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.00132.x","article-title":"Natural killer and dendritic cell contact in lesional atopic dermatitis skin\u2013Malassezia-influenced cell interaction","volume":"119","author":"Buentke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4208","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0800885","article-title":"TLR2\/MyD88-dependent and -independent activation of mast cell IgE responses by the skin commensal yeast Malassezia sympodialis","volume":"182","author":"Selander","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0533-1","article-title":"Alteration of the cutaneous microbiome in psoriasis and potential role in Th17 polarization","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00273","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3619","article-title":"Significant differences in the bacterial microbiome of the pharynx and skin in patients with psoriasis compared with healthy controls","volume":"100","author":"Assarsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2635","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12322","article-title":"Is chronic plaque psoriasis triggered by microbiota in the skin?","volume":"169","author":"Fry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12572","article-title":"Psoriasis is not an autoimmune disease?","volume":"24","author":"Fry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701157","article-title":"IL-36alpha from skin-resident cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis by forming a local autoamplification loop","volume":"201","author":"Hashiguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakostelska, Z., Malkova, J., Klimesova, K., Rossmann, P., Hornova, M., Novosadova, I., and Stehl\u00edkova, Z. (2015). Intestinal microbiota promotes psoriasis-like skin inflammation by enhancing Th17 response. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159539"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(95)80132-4","article-title":"Psoriasis: A T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease induced by streptococcal superantigens?","volume":"16","author":"Valdimarsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118263","article-title":"Evidence for a streptococcal superantigendriven process in acute guttate psoriasis","volume":"96","author":"Leung","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.038","article-title":"b-Defensin 2 is a responsive biomarker of IL-17A-driven skin pathology in patients with psoriasis","volume":"139","author":"Kolbinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komine, M. (2020). Recent Advances in Psoriasis Research; the Clue to Mysterious Relation to Gut Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072582"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38892","article-title":"Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"67","author":"Scher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_709_19","article-title":"The role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and the therapeutic effects of probiotics","volume":"8","author":"Alesa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.08.015","article-title":"Triggering psoriasis: The role of infections and medications","volume":"25","author":"Fry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13786","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota profiling and predicted metabolic dysregulation in psoriasis patients","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12556","article-title":"The nutrition-gut microbiome-physiology axis and allergic diseases","volume":"278","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.01.024","article-title":"Gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Mazidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10034-5","article-title":"Cross sectional evaluation of the gut-microbiome metabolome axis in an Italian cohort of IBD patients","volume":"7","author":"Santoru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313235","article-title":"A microbial signature for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"66","author":"Pascal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14933","article-title":"Psoriatic patients have a distinct structural and functional fecal microbiota compared with controls","volume":"46","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13463","article-title":"The Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbiota signature in psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180134","article-title":"The microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Joints","volume":"94","author":"Scher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Stec, A., Chrabaszcz, M., Knot, A., Waskiel-Burnat, A., Rakowska, A., Olszewska, M., and Rudnicka, L. (2020). Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: An Updated Review. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060463"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy182","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii produces butyrate to maintain Th17\/treg balance and to ameliorate colorectal colitis by inhibiting histone deacetylase 1","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i22.5201","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii supernatant ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis by regulating Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.02.027","article-title":"Secretome components from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains A2-165 and AHMP21 Modulate Cutaneous Wound Inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Stefia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C612","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00123.2015","article-title":"A novel anti-inflammatory role of GPR120 in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"310","author":"Anbazhagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1337","article-title":"State A. Gut bacterial microbiota in psoriasis: A case control study","volume":"7","author":"Masallat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw070","article-title":"Similar depletion of protective Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease, but not in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"10","author":"Eppinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17931","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in a cohort of patients with psoriasis","volume":"181","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Shi, L., Sun, T., Guo, K., and Geng, S. (2021). Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and its correlation with dysregulation of cytokines in psoriasis patients. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02125-1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentini, V., Silvestri, V., Marraffa, F., Greco, G., Bucalo, A., Grassi, S., Gagliardi, A., Mazzotta, A., Ottini, L., and Richetta, A.G. (2021). Gut microbiome profile in psoriatic patients treated and untreated with biologic therapy. J. Dermatol.","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15680"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okada, K., Matsushima, Y., Mizutani, K., and Yamanaka, K. (2020). The Role of Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: Oral Administration of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus danieliae Exacerbates Skin Inflammation of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093303"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14647","article-title":"Intestinal barrier integrity in patients with plaque psoriasis","volume":"45","author":"Sikora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Stec, A., Chrabaszcz, M., Waskiel-Burnat, A., Zaremba, M., and Olszewska, M. (2019). Intestinal fatty acid binding protein, a biomarker of intestinal barrier, is associated with severity of psoriasis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071021"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.5585","article-title":"Identification of Bacterial DNA in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Active Psoriasis","volume":"151","author":"Such","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Derm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3631","article-title":"Association of psoriasis with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.03.011","article-title":"Is psoriasis a bowel disease? Successful treatment with bile acids and bioflavonoids suggests it is","volume":"36","author":"Ely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy258","article-title":"Clinical potential of anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and butyrate in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"25","author":"Sitkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02259","article-title":"Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates dextran sulfate sodiuminduced ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3100858","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids","volume":"3","author":"Vinolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06553.x","article-title":"Microbial butyrate, and its role for barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"1258","author":"Stumpff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833eebe5","article-title":"Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids as modulators of immunity: What relevance for health?","volume":"13","author":"Meijer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.11.014","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid sodium butyrate functions as a regulator of the skin immune system","volume":"137","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22125-y","article-title":"Gut microbial composition in patients with psoriasis","volume":"8","author":"Codoner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, S.C., Barbara, G., and Buurman, W. (2014). Intestinal permeability e a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306423","article-title":"Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD","volume":"64","author":"Machiels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberato, M.V., Nascimento, A.S., Ayers, S.D., Lin, J.Z., Cvoro, A., Silveira, R.L., Mart\u00ednez, L., Souza, P.C., Saidemberg, D., and Deng, T. (2012). Medium chain fatty acids are selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) \u03b3 activators and pan-PPAR partial agonists. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036297"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.03.002","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid modulates immune responses in patients with mild to moderately active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Hontecillas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","article-title":"Dietary Fatty Acids Directly Impact Central Nervous System Autoimmunity via the Small Intestine","volume":"43","author":"Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.014","article-title":"Short, but smart: SCFAs train T cells in the gut to fight autoimmunity in the brain","volume":"43","author":"Bhutia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4106","article-title":"Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"22","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00239","article-title":"Strain-Specific Anti-inflammatory Properties of Two Akkermansia muciniphila Strains on Chronic Colitis in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3237","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-b-bearing regulatory cells","volume":"174","author":"Giacinto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25487","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut","volume":"4","author":"Groeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microb."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.68696","article-title":"Prognostic value of assessment of stool and serum IL-1beta, IL-1ra and IL 6 concentrations in children with active and inactive ulcerative colitis","volume":"14","author":"Wedrychowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"250","article-title":"Rectal nitric oxide gas and stool cytokine levels during the course of infectious gastroenteritis","volume":"11","author":"Enocksson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Diagnos. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2992","article-title":"Perivascular leukocyte clusters are essential for efficient activation of effector T cells in the skin","volume":"15","author":"Natsuaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.4733","article-title":"Induction of IL-17+ T cell trafficking and development by IFN-gamma: Mechanism and pathological relevance in psoriasis","volume":"181","author":"Kryczek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.12.014","article-title":"Cytokines in psoriasis","volume":"73","author":"Baliwag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3503","article-title":"Interleukin 1alpha and the inflammatory process","volume":"17","author":"Shayakhmetov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600008","article-title":"The gut-skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications","volume":"38","author":"Monteleone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600324","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600324","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) response to animal source foods varies among healthy young men and is influenced by their gut microbiota composition: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benhadou, F., Mintoff, D., Schnebert, B., and Thio, H.B. (2018). Psoriasis and Microbiota: A Systematic Review. Diseases, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6020047"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20099","article-title":"The microbiome and risk for obesity and diabetes","volume":"317","author":"Komaroff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18309","article-title":"Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-b cell axis promoting metabolic syndrome","volume":"534","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1637","article-title":"Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.07.002","article-title":"The gut microbiota in human energy homeostasis and obesity","volume":"26","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab. TEM"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cerdeira, C., Cordeiro-Rodr\u00edguez, M., Carnero-Gregorio, M., L\u00f3pez-Barcenas, A., Mart\u00ednez-Herrera, E., Fabbrocini, G., Sinani, A., Arenas-Guzm\u00e1n, R., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Cesp\u00f3n, J.L. (2019). Biomarkers of Inflammation in Obesity-Psoriatic Patients. Mediators Inflamm., 7353420.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7353420"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09941.x","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality in patients with severe psoriasis: A population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom","volume":"163","author":"Abuabara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180135","article-title":"The Role of the Microbiome in Gut and Joint Inflammation in Psoriatic Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis","volume":"94","author":"Gilis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"288","article-title":"The transition of acute to chronic bowel inflammation in spondyloarthritis","volume":"85","author":"Jacques","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38638","article-title":"Interleukin-23 mediates the intestinal response to microbial \u03b2-1,3-glucan, and the development of spondyloarthritis pathology in SKG mice","volume":"66","author":"Benham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38773","article-title":"ZAP-70 genotype disrupts the relationship between microbiota and host, leading to spondyloarthritis and ileitis in SKG mice","volume":"66","author":"Rehaume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34423","article-title":"\u03b2-glucan triggers spondylarthritis and Crohn\u2019s disease-like ileitis in SKG mice","volume":"64","author":"Ruutu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27324","article-title":"Invariant natural killer T cells are natural regulators of murine spondylarthritis","volume":"62","author":"Jacques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309333","article-title":"Dysbiotic gut microbiota causes transmissible Crohn\u2019s disease-like ileitis independent of failure in antimicrobial defence","volume":"65","author":"Schaubeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074937","article-title":"The microbiome in infectious disease and inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Honda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120243","article-title":"Biology of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells","volume":"32","author":"Salio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000442014.52661.20","article-title":"Interleukin 23 in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Eken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.85","article-title":"How the microbiota shapes rheumatic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Marzorati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201489966","article-title":"Commensal microbiota influence systemic autoimmune responses","volume":"34","author":"Donovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8424","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9424","article-title":"Antibiotics in neonatal life increase murine susceptibility to experimental psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Zanvit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208187","article-title":"Patients with ankylosing spondylitis have been breast fed less often than healthy controls: A case-control retrospective study","volume":"75","author":"Montoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40183","article-title":"Intestinal metabolites are profoundly altered in the context of HLA-B27 expression and functionally modulate disease in a rat model of spondyloarthritis","volume":"69","author":"Asquith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peric, M., Koglin, S., Dombrowski, Y., Gro\u00df, K., Bradac, E., B\u00fcchau, A., Steinmeyer, A., Z\u00fcgel, U., Ruzicka, T., and Schauber, J. (2009). Vitamin D analogs differentially control antimicrobial peptide\/ \u201cAlarmin\u201d expression in psoriasis. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006340"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl078","article-title":"Expression, and potential function of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides in dermatophytosis and tinea versicolor","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2859","article-title":"Significant Changes in the Skin Microbiome in Patients with Chronic Plaque Psoriasis after Treatment with Narrowband Ultraviolet B","volume":"98","author":"Assarsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermato. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.03.011","article-title":"Epidermal barrier and oxidative stress parameters improve during in 311 nm narrow band UVB phototherapy of plaque type psoriasis","volume":"91","author":"Darlenski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02410","article-title":"Skin Exposure to Narrow, Band Ultraviolet (UVB) Light Modulates the Human Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Bosman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17989","article-title":"Combined culture and metagenomic analyses reveal significant shifts in the composition of the cutaneous microbiome in psoriasis","volume":"181","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-019-00849-7","article-title":"Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis is Perturbed Differently During Secukinumab and Ustekinumab Therapy and Associated with Response to Treatment","volume":"39","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03657.x","article-title":"Interaction of orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with skin and gut microbiota and humoral immunity in infants with atopic dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Nermes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.7241\/ourd.20124.71","article-title":"Pustular psoriasis responding to probiotics\u2013A new insight","volume":"3","author":"Vijayashankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Our Dermatol. Online"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.06.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus pentosus GMNL-77 inhibits skin lesions in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.184","article-title":"Expanding the psoriasis disease profile: Interrogation of the skin and serum of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32835a4b3e","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: Past, present, and future","volume":"29","author":"Aroniadis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.003","article-title":"The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"145","author":"Glassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.133","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients","volume":"109","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03329.x","article-title":"Patients with psoriasis often have increased serum levels of IgA antibodies to gliadin","volume":"129","author":"Michaelsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03240.x","article-title":"Psoriasis patients with antibodies to gliadin can be improved by a gluten-free diet","volume":"142","author":"Gerden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550310015022","article-title":"Gluten-free diet in psoriasis patients with antibodies to gliadin results in decreased expression of tissue transglutaminase and fewer Ki67+ cells in the dermis","volume":"83","author":"Lundin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Dermato. Venereol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/8\/3998\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:47:24Z","timestamp":1760161644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/8\/3998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22083998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22083998","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}}}