{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:12:31Z","timestamp":1779912751028,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":279,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/10863-7; 2019\/14722-4 (GJSP); 2019\/02821-8 (SSS)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/10863-7; 2019\/14722-4 (GJSP); 2019\/02821-8 (SSS)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["421603\/2018-6 (GJSP); PVE 401236\/2014-5 (SSS); PVE 401141\/2014-4 (CB)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421603\/2018-6 (GJSP); PVE 401236\/2014-5 (SSS); PVE 401141\/2014-4 (CB)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The family of coronaviruses (CoVs) uses the autophagy machinery of host cells to promote their growth and replication; thus, this process stands out as a potential target to combat COVID-19. Considering the different roles of autophagy during viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, in this review, we discuss several clinically used drugs that have effects at different stages of autophagy. Among them, we mention (1) lysosomotropic agents, which can prevent CoVs infection by alkalinizing the acid pH in the endolysosomal system, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, artemisinins, two-pore channel modulators and imatinib; (2) protease inhibitors that can inhibit the proteolytic cleavage of the spike CoVs protein, which is necessary for viral entry into host cells, such as camostat mesylate, lopinavir, umifenovir and teicoplanin and (3) modulators of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathways, such as rapamycin, heparin, glucocorticoids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (IECAs) and cannabidiol. Thus, this review aims to highlight and discuss autophagy-related drugs for COVID-19, from in vitro to in vivo studies. We identified specific compounds that may modulate autophagy and exhibit antiviral properties. We hope that research initiatives and efforts will identify novel or \u201coff-label\u201d drugs that can be used to effectively treat patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, reducing the risk of mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T23:35:12Z","timestamp":1618443312000},"page":"4067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Pharmacological Modulators of Autophagy as a Potential Strategy for the Treatment of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Jos\u00e9 da Silva","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0721-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson Henrique Fran\u00e7a Figueredo","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1903-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Garcia","family":"Erustes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), 04044-020 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Beatriz de Melo","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal 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