{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:58:53Z","timestamp":1777409933339,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K07407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K07407"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disorder characterized by tissue fibrosis and intense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, causing progressive organ dysfunction. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a deaminase normally expressed in activated B-cells in germinal centers, edits ribonucleotides to induce somatic hypermutation and class switching of immunoglobulin. While AID expression is strictly controlled under physiological conditions, chronic inflammation has been noted to induce its upregulation to propel oncogenesis. We examined AID expression in IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD; n = 16), marginal zone lymphoma with IgG4-positive cells (IgG4+ MZL; n = 11), and marginal zone lymphoma without IgG4-positive cells (IgG4- MZL; n = 12) of ocular adnexa using immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly higher AID-intensity index in IgG4-ROD and IgG4+ MZL than IgG4- MZL (p &lt; 0.001 and = 0.001, respectively). The present results suggest that IgG4-RD has several specific causes of AID up-regulation in addition to inflammation, and AID may be a driver of oncogenesis in IgG4-ROD to IgG4+ MZL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1618488660000},"page":"4083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Upregulated Expression of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Ocular Adnexal Marginal Zone Lymphoma with IgG4-Positive Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asami","family":"Nishikori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0224-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshito","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2019i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koh-ichi","family":"Ohshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama 701-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Gion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-4691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoka","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Midori Filiz","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5234-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuharu","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441005","article-title":"High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis","volume":"344","author":"Hamano","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. 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